Cells: Organelles Flashcards
Cell Wall
Structure - Made of cellulose, rigid structure
Function - keeps a plant cell stable and restricts movement of the plant cell
polysaccharides (cellulose)
Plant Cell
Golgi Apparatus
Function:
Further protein processing after going through the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport of these proteins
Ribosome
Structure - Tiny, membrane-less organelles floating around the cytoplasm found free and attached to rough ER
Function - Protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function:
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Lipid manufacture and metabolism
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough because there are ribosomes attached to the outer surface of the structure
Involved with many protein functions
Lysosomes
Function
They contain digestive enzymes
- Allows for the breakdown of macromolecules
- Useful when destroying invading pathogens
When a cell is damaged beyond repair, lysosome can also help with apoptosis, which is self-programmed cell death.
Animal Cell
Nuclear Membrane
Structure
- Outer Membrane - lipid bilayer, have ribosomes on the surface that are linked to ER
- Inner Membrane - contains proteins that rearrange the nucleus and chain the genetic material in position.
- Nuclear Pores - move through both the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear membrane and are composed of large complex proteins which allow a few molecules to permeate by the nuclear envelope.
- Nucleolus - tiny spherical bodies that are situated in the nucleus as they are usually present in a centralized site but are typically found closer to the nuclear membrane.
- Nucleoplasm - viscous liquid that contains the nuclear hyaloplasm which is the more soluble and liquid portion of the nucleoplasm.
Function
- Pores enable the content to flow in and out of the nucleus.
- extends and doubles the nuclear pores during the interphase part of cell division.
- Nuclear membrane shields the nucleus
- controls the crossing of macromolecules such as proteins and RNA and permit free passage of water, ions, ATP and small molecules.
Vacuoles
Function
- Removes and stores cell waste and other harmful foreign products so they don’t damage the cell
- Stores water, mostly in plants to maintain turgor pressure
Bigger in plants
Plastids
double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food. These often contain pigments that are used in photosynthesis and different types of pigments that can change the colour of the cell.
Plant Cells
Nucleus
Structure - has a nuclear membrane that separates it from the cytoplasm
Function - houses the DNA, the hereditary information that is need for reproduction
Plasma Membrane
the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Plasma Membrane
Structure - phospholipid bilayer that is made up of many globular proteins. Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.
Function - Semipermeable membrane that controls the passage of materials.
Chloroplast
Function:
- Convert light energy to chemical energy (ATP)
- Chlorophyll
- Photosynthesis
Metabolism for plant cells
Plant Cells
Mitochondria
Function
- Powerhouse of the cell
- Responsible for generating most of the ATP in the cell
- Various metabolic functions and creates energy for the cell
Flagella
Long thread-like appendage(s)
Propeller motion
Generally found on bacteria and protozoa
used for movement and are found on the surface of the cell
Cillia
Short, hair-like appendages
Back and forth
used for movement and are found on the surface of the cell
