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IH Biology > Overview of Test: Unit 6 - Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Overview of Test: Unit 6 - Reproduction and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is produced in Mitosis?

A

two daughter cells; diploid, cells are exactly the cell as parent, same exact number of chromosomes as parent; produces body cells; associated with growth and repair

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2
Q

What is produced in Meiosis?

A

four daughter cells; haploid, cells are different from parent and each other, fewer chromosomes than parent; produces egg and sperm cells; divdes cells twice; occurs in reproductive organs and contrains tetrads

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3
Q

What are Gametes?

A

haploid sex cells

(meiosis)

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4
Q

What are Somatic/ Autosome cells?

A

diploid body cells

(mitosis)

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5
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

homologous pair chromomes

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6
Q

Which gender contains the XY chromosome?

A

male

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7
Q

Which gender has the XX chromosome?

A

female

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8
Q

What is trisomy?

A

mutation; three chromosomes

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9
Q

What is a monosomy?

A

mutation; one chromosome

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10
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilzed egg

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11
Q

What is a disomy?

A

a normal pair of chromosomes

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12
Q

Why are cells different?

A

they all have the same DNA in them, but they choose to differentiate by activating/deactivating certain genes.

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13
Q

How does sexual reproduction affect diversity?

A

sexual reproduction brings in diversity through crossing over of genes

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14
Q

What is crossing over?

A

when homologous pairs exchange parts during prophase right before metaphase

happens in prophase 1

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15
Q

What does the endocrine system use to communicate?

A

hormones

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16
Q

Do stem cells use mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

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17
Q

What happens in Interphase 1 (Meiosis)

A

Cell Growth; chromatids double from 46 to 92 (Chromosome count stays the same)

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18
Q

What happens in Prophase 1 (Meiosis)

A

Chromosomes thicken and join with their homologous pairs; crossing over occurs

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19
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Chromosomes exchanging genetic material

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20
Q

What happens in Metaphase 1? (Meiosis)

A

Homologous pairs align in the middle; spindle fibers attach to homologous pairs

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21
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. It can cause cells to have an extra chromosome (trisomy) or a cell to be missing a chromosome (monosomy).

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22
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1? (Meiosis)

A

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides with spindle fibers

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23
Q

What happens in Telophase 1? (Meiosis)

A

Two new nuclei are formed

24
Q

Does cytokinesis occur after Meiosis 1?

A

Yes

25
Q

What happens at the end of Meiosis 1?

A

Two Diploid cells are formed

26
Q

What happens during prophase 2? (Meiosis)

A

Spindle fibers form on the respective diploids

27
Q

What happens during Metaphase 2? (meiosis)

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle (North and South); spindle fibers connect to chromosomes

28
Q

What happens during Anaphase 2? (Meiosis)

A

Chromatids are pulled away from each other (Left and right) by the spindle fibers

29
Q

What happens during Telophase 2? (Meiosis)

A

4 haploid nuclei are created

30
Q

What happens after Meiosis 2?

A

Cytokinesis; now there are 4 haploid cells

31
Q

How many cells does mitosis and meiosis produce?

A

Mitosis produces 2, meiosis produces 4

32
Q

How do new cells compare to old cells in mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis: New cells are identical
Meiosis: New cells are unique

33
Q

How many chromosomes are in daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis compared to the parent cell?

A

Mitosis: Same number (Diploid/46 chromosomes)
Meiosis: Half the number (Haploid/23 chromosomes)

34
Q

Are the beginning cells in Haploid or Diploid in Mitosis and Meiosis?

A

Diploid in both

35
Q

What are Homologous Chromosomes?

A

Two Nearly identical chromosomes with similar genes in the same place; one comes from the mother and one from the father/DNA from both parents

36
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

The four chromatids in Homologous Chromosomes

37
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When chromosomes exchange genetic information; leads to genetic diversity

38
Q

What are recombinant chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes produced after crossing over

39
Q

What is haploid?

A

The presence of a single set of chromosomes in a cell; 23 chromosomes

40
Q

What is diploid?

A

The presence of pairs of chromosomes in a cell; 46 chromosomes

41
Q

What are examples of diploid cells?

A

Somatic cells and zygotes

42
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

It secretes glands/hormones

43
Q

How does the circulatory system help the endocrine system?

A

It transports the hormones

44
Q

What three body systems work together to produce gamates?

A

Circulatory, Endocrine, and Reproductive

45
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

a complete set of chromosomes in a cell; 44 regular chromosomes (Autosomes) and 2 sex chromosomes (22 sets of regular chromosomes, 1 set of sex chromosomes)

46
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Non sex chromosomes

47
Q

What happens when zygotes are formed?

A

Two haploid zex cells combine to form a diploid zygote

48
Q

What is the sex chromosome for guys?

A

XY

49
Q

What is the sex chromosome for girls?

A

XX

50
Q

What are the types of disjunction?

A

Trisomy and Monosomy

51
Q

What is trisomy?

A

When there is an extra chromatid in a pair, creating a chromatid triad

52
Q

What is monosomy?

A

When there is a chromatid missing in a pair

53
Q

How do you identify Down Syndrome?

A

An extra chromatid at 21 is present, making a triplet (Trisomy)

54
Q

How do you identify klinefelter syndrome?

A

A male gender with an extra X chromosome in the sex chromatid (XXY)

55
Q

How do you identify Turner Syndrome?

A

A female gender is missing a X chromosome in the sex chromatid (X)

56
Q

Name the phases of Meiosis 1 in order

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

57
Q

Name the phases of meiosis 2 in order

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

IH Biology (32 decks)

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