Overview of Test: Unit 6 - Reproduction and Development Flashcards
What is produced in Mitosis?
two daughter cells; diploid, cells are exactly the cell as parent, same exact number of chromosomes as parent; produces body cells; associated with growth and repair
What is produced in Meiosis?
four daughter cells; haploid, cells are different from parent and each other, fewer chromosomes than parent; produces egg and sperm cells; divdes cells twice; occurs in reproductive organs and contrains tetrads
What are Gametes?
haploid sex cells
(meiosis)
What are Somatic/ Autosome cells?
diploid body cells
(mitosis)
What is a Karyotype?
homologous pair chromomes
Which gender contains the XY chromosome?
male
Which gender has the XX chromosome?
female
What is trisomy?
mutation; three chromosomes
What is a monosomy?
mutation; one chromosome
What is a zygote?
A fertilzed egg
What is a disomy?
a normal pair of chromosomes
Why are cells different?
they all have the same DNA in them, but they choose to differentiate by activating/deactivating certain genes.
How does sexual reproduction affect diversity?
sexual reproduction brings in diversity through crossing over of genes
What is crossing over?
when homologous pairs exchange parts during prophase right before metaphase
happens in prophase 1
What does the endocrine system use to communicate?
hormones
Do stem cells use mitosis or meiosis?
mitosis
What happens in Interphase 1 (Meiosis)
Cell Growth; chromatids double from 46 to 92 (Chromosome count stays the same)
What happens in Prophase 1 (Meiosis)
Chromosomes thicken and join with their homologous pairs; crossing over occurs
What is crossing over?
Chromosomes exchanging genetic material
What happens in Metaphase 1? (Meiosis)
Homologous pairs align in the middle; spindle fibers attach to homologous pairs
What is nondisjunction?
when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. It can cause cells to have an extra chromosome (trisomy) or a cell to be missing a chromosome (monosomy).
What happens in Anaphase 1? (Meiosis)
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides with spindle fibers
What happens in Telophase 1? (Meiosis)
Two new nuclei are formed
Does cytokinesis occur after Meiosis 1?
Yes
What happens at the end of Meiosis 1?
Two Diploid cells are formed
What happens during prophase 2? (Meiosis)
Spindle fibers form on the respective diploids
What happens during Metaphase 2? (meiosis)
Chromosomes line up in the middle (North and South); spindle fibers connect to chromosomes
What happens during Anaphase 2? (Meiosis)
Chromatids are pulled away from each other (Left and right) by the spindle fibers
What happens during Telophase 2? (Meiosis)
4 haploid nuclei are created
What happens after Meiosis 2?
Cytokinesis; now there are 4 haploid cells
How many cells does mitosis and meiosis produce?
Mitosis produces 2, meiosis produces 4
How do new cells compare to old cells in mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: New cells are identical
Meiosis: New cells are unique
How many chromosomes are in daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis compared to the parent cell?
Mitosis: Same number (Diploid/46 chromosomes)
Meiosis: Half the number (Haploid/23 chromosomes)
Are the beginning cells in Haploid or Diploid in Mitosis and Meiosis?
Diploid in both
What are Homologous Chromosomes?
Two Nearly identical chromosomes with similar genes in the same place; one comes from the mother and one from the father/DNA from both parents
What is a tetrad?
The four chromatids in Homologous Chromosomes
What is crossing over?
When chromosomes exchange genetic information; leads to genetic diversity
What are recombinant chromosomes?
Chromosomes produced after crossing over
What is haploid?
The presence of a single set of chromosomes in a cell; 23 chromosomes
What is diploid?
The presence of pairs of chromosomes in a cell; 46 chromosomes
What are examples of diploid cells?
Somatic cells and zygotes
What does the endocrine system do?
It secretes glands/hormones
How does the circulatory system help the endocrine system?
It transports the hormones
What three body systems work together to produce gamates?
Circulatory, Endocrine, and Reproductive
What is a karyotype?
a complete set of chromosomes in a cell; 44 regular chromosomes (Autosomes) and 2 sex chromosomes (22 sets of regular chromosomes, 1 set of sex chromosomes)
What are autosomes?
Non sex chromosomes
What happens when zygotes are formed?
Two haploid zex cells combine to form a diploid zygote
What is the sex chromosome for guys?
XY
What is the sex chromosome for girls?
XX
What are the types of disjunction?
Trisomy and Monosomy
What is trisomy?
When there is an extra chromatid in a pair, creating a chromatid triad
What is monosomy?
When there is a chromatid missing in a pair
How do you identify Down Syndrome?
An extra chromatid at 21 is present, making a triplet (Trisomy)
How do you identify klinefelter syndrome?
A male gender with an extra X chromosome in the sex chromatid (XXY)
How do you identify Turner Syndrome?
A female gender is missing a X chromosome in the sex chromatid (X)
Name the phases of Meiosis 1 in order
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Name the phases of meiosis 2 in order
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
