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Tissue Biology > TA review questions > Flashcards

TA review questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What cell produces the ground substance of cartilage?

A

chondroblast

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2
Q

Bone formation begins in? And ends in?

A

utero ends after puberty

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3
Q

A muscle fiber is larger than a muscle cell. True or false?

A

False, they’re the same thing (myofiber)

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4
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small spaces in which a chondrocyte or osteocyte resides

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5
Q

When does bone remodeling begin and end?

A

begins in utero and continues throughout the organisms life

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6
Q

Many muscle cells make up the length of the muscle: T or F?

A

False muscle cells are the same length as the muscles they are apart of

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7
Q

The differences between cartilage types are determined by the molecular composition of the ground substance. T or F?

A

False fibers determine it

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8
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts and they arise from the mesenchyme, found on all surfaces of bones

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9
Q

Explain what syncytium means

A

single cell with multiple nuclei. Skeletal cells are multinucleated

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10
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage, contains fibroblasts; the inner layer can make chondroblasts

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11
Q

Osteoblasts are PAS positive or negative?

A

Positive because GAGs become part of the matrix

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12
Q

T or F, the muscle has unique organelles that have specific functions and form compared to other cells in the body

A

True, they have a sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcolemma and are unique to muscle and have specialized function for muscle tissue

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13
Q

Appositional growth vs interstitial growth

A

Appositional growth: adding layers to cartilage matrix to the existing outer surface. Interstitial growth: process of new matrix being formed from the core of cartilage by chondroblasts (can apply to bone)

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14
Q

2 types of bone based on embryological origin

A

intramembranous and endochondral bone

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15
Q

What is the external lamina of skeletal muscle similar to?

A

the basement membrane have almost the same composition

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16
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A

Nose, trachea, joints of long bones, cartilaginous precursor of long bone in embryonic development (endochondral ossification)

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17
Q

What are intramembranous bones?

A

form via ossifications of the embryological membrane, flat bones

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18
Q

What is endomysium?

A

connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle cells make up of collagen type I and III fibers

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19
Q

Composition of hyaline cartilage?

A

Collagen type II 40%, and 60% GAGs

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20
Q

What are endochondral bones?:

A

long bones: arise from hyaline cartilaginous precursor

20
Q

True or false: periosteum forms inside the epiphysis of endochondral bones at 10 weeks post conception?

A

False forms in the diaphysis at 10 weeks

20
Q

Is the sarcoplasmic reticulum continuous or fragmented?

A

Fragmented: sarcoplasmic reticulum units are stacked, hollow membranous organelles

21
Q

True or false: all cartilage has a perichondrium

A

False fibrocartilage doesn’t have one no boundary

22
Q

What are t-tubules?

A

holes in the cell membrane of muscle cells that form a branching network perpendicular to the cell surface. The distance between one and the next is uniform. small distance followed by large

23
Q

What is the composition of fibrocartilage?

A

collagen type I produced by fibroblasts and collagen type II and sulfated GAG’s produced by chondroblasts

24
Q

What is the bony collar?

A

layer of bone that forms around the diaphysis of endochondral bones after osteoblasts secrete osteoid on top of the cartilaginous precursor

25
Q

What is a triad?

A

terminal cisternae, t-tubule, terminal cisternae

26
Q

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

A

Junction of tendon and long bone, vertebral disks between vertebrae

27
Q

What does the nervous system work in conjunction with? What are these systems called together?

A

endocrine system ES + NS = communication network

28
Q

What is the composition of elastic cartilage, and where is it found?

A

elastic fibers and collagen type II, it is found in the external ear and epiglottis (stretchy and flexible)

29
Q

What are the location and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

sympathetic-mid spinal cord, function: stress parasympathetic: upper and lower spinal cords (brainstem) function: rest and digest (normal body functions)

30
Q

Inorganic component of bone

A

hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate)

31
Q

What types of tissue are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary functions)

32
Q

Compact vs spongy bone

A

compact is the outer layer and is dense spongy bone: on the inside, open porous network

33
Q

Nerve fiber refers to the whole nerve cell. T or F?

A

False nerve fiber refers to the axon of the nerve cell. The nerve cell is the neuron.

34
Q

What is the classification of sensory neurons based on the number of cell processes?

A

Pseudo-unipolar 1 axon with 2 branches and 0 dendrites

35
Q

What is the blood forming tissue in bone?

A

Red marrow

36
Q

What are the 3 classifications of neurons? Which is the most abundant?

A

motor neurons (receive messages from central nervous system), sensory (receive stimuli and carries them to the CNS), and interneurons (most abundant)

37
Q

Where are Sharpey’s fibers found?

A

The periosteum. Strands of collagen type I penetrate into the bone and are continuous with tendon fibers

38
Q

The autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system both use acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters. T or F?

A

False: somatic uses only acetylcholine. autonomic : parasympathetic uses acetylcholine sympathetic uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine

39
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of hydroxyapatite?

A

alkaline phosphatase secreted by the osteoblast in a membrane bound vesicle

40
Q

A bipolar neuron is the most abundant neuron type T or F?

A

False, they are rare. They are found where we have special senses (ears, eyes, nose)

41
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Mature bone cell that is trapped in a matrix lacuna. Can become active in small bone repairs

42
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron and where they are found

A

1 axon and greater than or equal to 2 dendrites and they are found in motor neurons and interneurons

43
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Macrophagic cells that breakdown bone and are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system

44
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Functional barrier that allows tighter control than that in most tissues over the passage of substances moving from blood into CNS tissue. Tight junctions

45
Q

Function of choroid plexus?

A

filters blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

Where do we see more branching occur, dendrites or axons?

A

Dendrites have more branching, however we can see terminal arborization in axons. Major axon branches are called collaterals

47
Q

What is the circulatory system of bone called?

A

Osteon

Tissue Biology (21 decks)

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