panopto 22, 22A and 22B

Question 1

lengthwise growth

Answer 1

ossifying cartilage (turning cartilage into bone) or endochondral ossification

Question 2

Epiphyseal growth plate

Answer 2

where epiphysis meets the diaphysis

Question 3

epiphyseal growth plate zones

Answer 3

1. Zone of reserve cartilage
2. Zone of proliferation
3. Zone of hypertrophy
4. Zone of degeneration
5. Zone of resorption

Question 4

zone of proliferation

Answer 4

cells begin to divide and make cartilaginous matrix

Question 5

Zone of hypertrophy

Answer 5

in hyaline cartilage, the cells in the lacunae swell

Question 6

Zone of degeneration

Answer 6

cells are dying. Cells are secreting alkaline phosphatase and calcifying matrix, so we get holes and gaps in the matrix.

Question 7

zone of resorption

Answer 7

osteoblasts integrating the area and lining the surfaces of these gaps, forming mixed spicules, the matrix disintegrates, and it gets turned into spongy bone. Replacing the cartilage with bone, making spongy bone

Question 8

when do osteoclasts start removing spongy bone from the diaphysis?

Answer 8

some point before birth

Question 9

what happens to the epiphyses after birth?

Answer 9

they ossify. Perichondrium -> osteoblasts -> osteoid -> layer of bone.
Cartilage cells enlarge
Degeneration of cartilage
Blood vessels invade
Mesenchymal cells migrate

Question 10

secondary ossification

Answer 10

formation of spongy bone in the epiphyses. proximal end of the bone ossifies before the distal end. Red marrow disappears in the diaphysis; it appears in the epiphysis

Question 11

primary ossification

Answer 11

When secondary ossification is completed. Two areas that are left with cartilage in our long bone: Articular surface and epiphyseal growth plate

Question 12

growth in width?

Answer 12

add bone on top (appositional growth)

Question 13

osteoclast morphology

Answer 13

large and multinucleated. Often this cell is hidden away inactive waiting for a signal.

Question 14

osteoclast secretions

Answer 14

carbonic acid (removal of hydroxyappetite), and enzymes: including cathepsin K (collagen fibers and ground substance are broken down)

Question 15

Howship’s lacunae

Answer 15

pit in the bone. Osteoblasts will come and line the surface of this new lacunae, and create a layer of osteoid, this creates lamellae or a single layer of new bone. Fibers of the second layer are oriented in a different direction, this will keep happening until it is filled with bone and each layer is a lamellae, a small gap is left in the middle that is called a haversian canal and it will create an osteon creating a new compact bone.

Question 16

muscle types

Answer 16

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 17

synonymous names for muscle fiber

Answer 17

muscle cell and myofiber

Question 18

muscle cells

Answer 18

• cells are the same length as the muscle
  -diameter is 10-100nm
  -muscle cells are multinucleated

Question 19

external lamina

Answer 19

surround each cell like a sleeve

Question 20

what is around the external lamina?

Answer 20

fibers that have a periodicity. larger fibers are made of collagen type I and the smaller fibers underneath are reticular fibers made of collagen type 3. these fibers form the endomysium

Question 21

endomysium

Answer 21

connective tissue that surrounds each skeletal muscle

Question 22

sarcolema

Answer 22

the cell membrane and its external lamina

Question 23

sarcoplasm

Answer 23

cytoplasm for skeletal muscle cell

Question 24

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

Organelles of sarcoplasm. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum for the skeletal muscle cell. Branching open network. That surrounds cylindrical bundles of filaments. Segmented: segments are called sarcoplasmic reticulum unit(s).

Question 25

sarcoplasmic reticulum units

Answer 25

Units rest on each other but they are not attached to each other and you can unstack and restack them (like stacked rings on our fingers). The ends of these units are not segmented; they are continuous. Every sarcoplasmic unit has 2 terminal cisternae: continuous portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum unit. Hollow cavity

Question 26

myofibril

Answer 26

Component of a myofiber. (Smaller than a fiber but larger than a fillament)

Question 27

imaginations

Answer 27

give rise to tubules in a cross sectional plane. Forming a branching network that allows for the connection of any tubule to another tubule.

Question 28

t-tubles

Answer 28

distance from one plane to the next is uniform in pattern. Goes small distance, long distance, then small distance again.

Question 29

triad

Answer 29

terminal cisternae connected to a t-tubule and then another terminal cisternae

Question 30

what happens during bone resorption?

Answer 30

spongy bone in the diaphysis is removed, osteoclast is most responsible

Question 31

how does bone grow

Answer 31

length and width

Question 32

osteoclasts

Answer 32

Monocytes form a mononuclear phagocytic system; they are macrophages
resorb bone, and hollow out the diaphysis of long bones to create an open medullary cavity (yellow marrow)