T3D1 Flashcards
Synaptogenesis and myelination in childhood?
Synaptogenesis and myelination continues in childhood
Frontal lobes control what
our ability to plan and organize new actions and to focus on a task (maintain attention)
Frontal lobes mature (myelinate) when
last
Where are childhood obesity rates in America
Compared to 34 countries, America is #2 in rates of childhood obesity
Should food be used as a reward?
No, leads to emotional eating
Descr variation in obesity rates
Statistically, in America obesity rates are higher in rural areas and among the poor
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage, Age 2-7, define egocentrism
Thinking that everybody sees things from the same perspective as you (three mountain task)
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage, Age 2-7, define animism
thinking that an inanimate object (stuffed animal) is alive
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage, Age 2-7, define symbolic function
Mentally representing objects that are not present (make drawings)
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage, Age 2-7, define artificialism
Humans make everything in nature “Daddy can turn off the moon”
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage, Age 2-7, define no identity constancy
somebody changes as their appearance changes
Define Preoperational thinking
Children are not able to look past the way things look at first glance
What is the three mountains task?
Illustrates egoism, a child in a preoperational stage will pick a photo from their perspective when asked what someone else sees from a different perspective
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage, define Preoperational thinking
Children are not able to look past the way things look at first glance
(age 2-7)
Describe ages and maturation of brain
5yr: not mature
Preteen: still not mature, less focusing and organizing
Teen: frontal lobes still not mature
20 yr: frontal lobes mostly mature
Summary of video on gravity error on tubes
Baby ignores curved tube and checks cup immediately below cup where object is placed, rather than understanding the curved tube
Summary of video of girl who can’t recognize dad after shaving beard
Illustrates “no identity constancy,” dad changed when his costume (beard) changed
Summary of video of baby and quarters video
Illustrates Piaget’s preoperational thinking, the child thought the row that was longer had more quarters until counting them. Blue water experiment– taller glass has more water
Piaget’s Preoperational (2nd) Stage: Conservational tasks, number
Two rows with same number of objects, one is lengthened, child reports longer row has more objects
Piaget’s Preoperational (2nd) Stage: Conservational tasks, matter
Two same size balls of clay, one is lengthened, child reports longer one has more clay
Piaget’s Preoperational (2nd) Stage: Conservational tasks, length
Two same size sticks, one is moved to the right, child reports stick moved is longer
Define Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children (visualize ven diagram or concentric circles)
Piaget’s preoperational stage– when does transition happen with conservation
Transition happens between age 5-7, done at age 8.
Define scaffolding (Vygotsky’s Theory)
Step-by-step teaching a new skill on a child’s level.
Don’t do it for them (no ‘spoon-feeding’), help them do it themselves
Discuss working memory and age related to information processing
Capacity grows with age
Define Executive function related to information processing
Higher-level thinking: managing thoughts (mental tricks to stay on task, hot thoughts=not managing and cool thoughts=managing), goal directed thinking (staying on task with a goal in mind), self-control (not ripping up a frustrating test). Linked to development of frontal lobes of the brain
Define theory of mind
The understanding that ‘we live in different heads’. Other people have different thoughts than us.
How to measure theory of mind
One way to measure it is with the ‘false belief task’
Children age 3 will fail the false belief task, children age 4-5 will get it.
Summarize video of boy with juice box, mean monkey, and flour/muffins
Illustrates false belief task and theory of mind, juice box is full of ribbons, boy says juice is in box, after being shown ribbons, boy says he thought ribbons were in box, says his friend should think ribbons are in box, flour and muffins trial illustrates theory of mind, mean monkey trial illustrates inability to deceive at younger ages and ability to deceive at 18 mos
According to Vygotsky, when can educators help a child most
When they are in the ZPD
Measurement for autism
Children with autism have trouble with theory of mind
Summary of marshmallow test video
Shows managing thoughts, goal-directed thinking. Children given option of eating one marshmallow now or two when teacher comes back, children try to distract themselves to wait to meet goal of getting two
Summary of cookie monster video
Shows executive function self-control, “But me wait”
Because of pruning, brain activation shifts from what to what
scattered larger areas to more localized, smaller areas
