T2D2

Question 1

Describe Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Answer 1

0-2 yrs, describes the way biology and experience construct cognitive development of children. Children actively construct their own knowledge of the world

Question 2

Define object permanence and age

Answer 2

An object still exists even when you can’t see, hear or touch it anymore. This is solid at age one

Question 3

Define “A not B error,” what theory

Answer 3

Look for an object in the first hiding place, not in the second, Piaget sensorimotor stage, shows development of object permanence

Question 4

Define Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 4

Study of connections between brain, cognition and development

Question 5

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience has proven what about Piaget’s ages

Answer 5

New science has proven that infants can do many things much earlier than Piaget thought they could, object permanence is now 3-4 mos vs. Piaget 1 yr

Question 6

Describe nature-nurture and morality

Answer 6

Research found that infants have an innate sense of morality

Question 7

Define Habituation

Answer 7

Looking at something until it becomes familiar and then lose interest

Question 8

Define Dishabituation

Answer 8

Looking at something new again

Question 9

Parents role in Learning, Remembering and Conceptualizing

Answer 9

Introduce new things and repeat until losing interest

Question 10

Define Gaze following and Joint attention

Answer 10

The infant focuses on the same object or event as the adult

Question 11

Timeframe and why gaze following is important

Answer 11

Starts at 7-10 months and is an important developmental breakthrough for the process of learning from adults

Question 12

Define Infantile amnesia

Answer 12

Not being able to remember your first 2-3 years because hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex are still developing

Question 13

Define Child-directed speech

Answer 13

Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences

Question 14

Emotional development: first smile is when

Answer 14

Two months

Question 15

Emotional development: stranger anxiety is when

Answer 15

Six months

Question 16

What research says about soothing

Answer 16

Most research concludes that soothing consistently in the first year is best

Question 17

Define Temperament

Answer 17

The behavioral style, emotions, and ways of responding

Question 18

How can parents can facilitate infants’ and toddlers’ language development

Answer 18

Active conversation, slow pace, look and name, simple, games, listen, elaborate, understand, no comparison

Question 19

Describe Independence (Erikson)

Answer 19

Erikson stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Important for parents to motivate toddlers to do/learn simple tasks at their own pace

Question 20

Behaviorism view of attachment

Answer 20

Babies want to be close to their mom because she gives the reward of food. No study of feelings

Question 21

Harry Harlow (1958) study’s view of attachment

Answer 21

Monkey study proved that monkeys prefer comfort over food, debunked behaviorism

Question 22

Bowlby Attachment Theory view of attachment

Answer 22

Having a close attachment in the first year is crucial to development of close relationships in later life

Question 23

Describe Attachment Theory

Answer 23

Close attachment is formed when the caregiver responds consistently and sensitively to the child in the first year

Question 24

Define Securely attached

Answer 24

Baby gets upset, but is calmed down easy by caretaker

Question 25

Three types of Insecurely attached

Answer 25

• avoidant: indifferent
• resistant (ambivalent): upset, can’t calm down
• disorganized: upset, scared of caregiver

Question 26

Describe cultural bias and The Strange Situation

Answer 26

Babies response to the Strange Situation can be influenced by the cultural values of the parents.

Question 27

Give an example of cultural bias in attachment

Answer 27

German culture encourages independence early which can lead to avoidant attachment

Question 28

How do child’s temperament and attachment interact

Answer 28

Child’s temperament influences attachment and social relationships

Question 29

How do genes and biology and attachment interact

Answer 29

influence attachment style and social relationships

Question 30

Define Oxytocin

Answer 30

Oxytocin (the ‘cuddle hormone’) plays an important part in forming attachment and social relationships

Question 31

Research shows what about child care

Answer 31

Research shows that regardless of the type of child care or the amount of time spent in child care, parenting at home still has the most impact on a child’s development.

Question 32

Summary of A not B Error video

Answer 32

Shows baby playing with toy, toy hidden, baby looks for it, shows object permanence because he looked for it

Question 33

Summary of nature-nurture and morality video

Answer 33

Show helping/sharing and hurting/stealing puppets and 80% of babies choose helping/sharing puppets

Question 34

Summary of nurturing conditions journal article

Answer 34

Children assigned nurturing care vs. institutional care, nurtured children were less aggressive and less indiscriminately friendly, connects to class developmental theories

Question 35

Summary of Harlow study video

Answer 35

Showed monkeys preferred cloth mother with no food over wire mother with food, babies with no cloth mother could not mother their children

Question 36

Summary of The Strange Situation Video

Answer 36

Places child under stress, measures attachment by comparing child’s response to mother and stranger attempts to sooth child. Secure attachment- cries when mother leaves, calms down when mother returns. Insecure avoidant- does not cry when mother leaves

Question 37

Four factors of high quality child care

Answer 37

• Actively engaged in variety of activities,
• frequent positive interactions,
• respond to children’s requests,
• encourage children to talk