T2D2 Flashcards
Describe Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
0-2 yrs, describes the way biology and experience construct cognitive development of children. Children actively construct their own knowledge of the world
Define object permanence and age
An object still exists even when you can’t see, hear or touch it anymore. This is solid at age one
Define “A not B error,” what theory
Look for an object in the first hiding place, not in the second, Piaget sensorimotor stage, shows development of object permanence
Define Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Study of connections between brain, cognition and development
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience has proven what about Piaget’s ages
New science has proven that infants can do many things much earlier than Piaget thought they could, object permanence is now 3-4 mos vs. Piaget 1 yr
Describe nature-nurture and morality
Research found that infants have an innate sense of morality
Define Habituation
Looking at something until it becomes familiar and then lose interest
Define Dishabituation
Looking at something new again
Parents role in Learning, Remembering and Conceptualizing
Introduce new things and repeat until losing interest
Define Gaze following and Joint attention
The infant focuses on the same object or event as the adult
Timeframe and why gaze following is important
Starts at 7-10 months and is an important developmental breakthrough for the process of learning from adults
Define Infantile amnesia
Not being able to remember your first 2-3 years because hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex are still developing
Define Child-directed speech
Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences
Emotional development: first smile is when
Two months
Emotional development: stranger anxiety is when
Six months
What research says about soothing
Most research concludes that soothing consistently in the first year is best
Define Temperament
The behavioral style, emotions, and ways of responding
How can parents can facilitate infants’ and toddlers’ language development
Active conversation, slow pace, look and name, simple, games, listen, elaborate, understand, no comparison
Describe Independence (Erikson)
Erikson stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Important for parents to motivate toddlers to do/learn simple tasks at their own pace
Behaviorism view of attachment
Babies want to be close to their mom because she gives the reward of food. No study of feelings
Harry Harlow (1958) study’s view of attachment
Monkey study proved that monkeys prefer comfort over food, debunked behaviorism
Bowlby Attachment Theory view of attachment
Having a close attachment in the first year is crucial to development of close relationships in later life
Describe Attachment Theory
Close attachment is formed when the caregiver responds consistently and sensitively to the child in the first year
Define Securely attached
Baby gets upset, but is calmed down easy by caretaker
Three types of Insecurely attached
- avoidant: indifferent
- resistant (ambivalent): upset, can’t calm down
- disorganized: upset, scared of caregiver
Describe cultural bias and The Strange Situation
Babies response to the Strange Situation can be influenced by the cultural values of the parents.
Give an example of cultural bias in attachment
German culture encourages independence early which can lead to avoidant attachment
How do child’s temperament and attachment interact
Child’s temperament influences attachment and social relationships
How do genes and biology and attachment interact
influence attachment style and social relationships
Define Oxytocin
Oxytocin (the ‘cuddle hormone’) plays an important part in forming attachment and social relationships
Research shows what about child care
Research shows that regardless of the type of child care or the amount of time spent in child care, parenting at home still has the most impact on a child’s development.
Summary of A not B Error video
Shows baby playing with toy, toy hidden, baby looks for it, shows object permanence because he looked for it
Summary of nature-nurture and morality video
Show helping/sharing and hurting/stealing puppets and 80% of babies choose helping/sharing puppets
Summary of nurturing conditions journal article
Children assigned nurturing care vs. institutional care, nurtured children were less aggressive and less indiscriminately friendly, connects to class developmental theories
Summary of Harlow study video
Showed monkeys preferred cloth mother with no food over wire mother with food, babies with no cloth mother could not mother their children
Summary of The Strange Situation Video
Places child under stress, measures attachment by comparing child’s response to mother and stranger attempts to sooth child. Secure attachment- cries when mother leaves, calms down when mother returns. Insecure avoidant- does not cry when mother leaves
Four factors of high quality child care
- Actively engaged in variety of activities,
- frequent positive interactions,
- respond to children’s requests,
- encourage children to talk
