T1D2 Flashcards
Five methods for collecting data
Observation, survey and interview, standardized test, case study, physiological methods
Two types of collecting data
laboratory, naturalistic observation
Define Descriptive Research
Simply describes behavior
Define Correlational Research
Describes the strength of a relationship between variables of behavior and tries to make a prediction about them. Relation does NOT mean causation!
Define Experimental Research
Looks for a causal relationship between variables
Representative sample
A group that represents the whole population. Don’t ‘pick-and-choose’
Random assignment
Assigning participants to
experimental and control groups by chance. Causation CAN be established!
Example of ethical reasons not to do research
Example: to examine the effects of smoking on babies, you cannot ask the experimental group of mothers to smoke 5 cigarettes a day.
Cross-sectional Approach
Testing different age groups at the same time. Fast, cheap and easy research. Shows differences between cohorts . Not as reliable as longitudinal because cohort effects.
Longitudinal Approach
Testing the same group of people over many years. Shows how people in general develop when they age. People who stay in these studies are often a special kind of people.
Minimizing cultural and ethnic bias
Developmental research must include more people from diverse ethnic groups
Define Ethnic gloss
Portraying an ethnic group as if everybody in the group is the same
Define Evolutionary Psychology
Places emphasis on the importance of adaption, reproduction and ‘survival of the fittest’ in shaping behavior
Define Human Genome Project
The complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings
Define Genome-wide association
Comparing genes of healthy and ill people to find information about the genes causing the illness. CRISPR can delete diseased genes.
Define Down syndrome
form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, Physical and imtellectual abnormalities
Define Klinefelter syndrome
An extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY causes physical disabilities.
Define Fragile X syndrome
An abnormality in the X chromosome, can cause intellectual disability, autism, a learning disability, or a short attention span .
Define Turner syndrome
A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdeveopment
Define XYY syndrome
A extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height
Phenylketonuria (PKU)***
PKU is a genetic disorder (nature) that makes the person unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. Damage can be prevented by adjusting the person’s diet (nurture).
Cystic fibrosis
glandular dysfunction on test interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion hampered, shortened lifespan
Diabetes
Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar
Hemophilia
Delayed blod clotting causes internal and external bleeding
Huntington’s disease
Central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
Sickle-cell anemia
Blood disorder that limits body’s oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling, heart and kidney failure
Spina bifida
Neural disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities
Tay-Sachs disease
Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by accumulation of lipids in the nervous system
Evocative forces (hereditary-environment correlation)***
Genetic make-up of a person evokes certain responses from the environment
Example: when you smile people respond different to you than when you frown
Active forces (niche-picking) (hereditary-environment correlation)***
People actively select their environment guided by their genetic make-up
Example: when you like reading you visit the library, not Six Flags.
Behavior genetics
Studies the influence of genes and environment on individual differences of people
Behavioral geneticists use what scientific research
Twin studies:
Compare identical twins with fraternal twins
Adoption studies:
Compare adopted child’s behavior with behavior of biological parents and adoptive parents
Study of Twins Reared Apart: twins separated at birth are studied to determine if they are similar or different
Passive Hereditary-Environment Correlation
Children are influenced by their parents, both their parents’ genetic and the environment the children were raised in
Epigenetic view of Hereditary-Environment Correlation
Bidirectional influence between hereditary and environment
Teratogens
A teratogen is anything that can cause birth defects
Teratogen Alcohol can cause…
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; facial deformities, defective heart, intellectual disability
Teratogen Smoking can cause…
Low birth weight, respiratory problems, SIDs
Teratogen Cocaine/
Methamphetamines can cause…
learning and behavior problems
Teratogen Rubella (Geman Measles) can cause…
Intellectual disability, eye and ear abnormalities
Teratogen Toxoplasmosis can cause…
Blindness, deafness, intellectual disability
Teratogen Syphilis can cause…
Stillbirth, eye and face deformities
Teratogen Herpes can cause…
Death or brain damage
Teratogen HIV can cause…
Baby born with HIV
Teratogen Gonorrhea can cause…
Baby born blind
Teratogen Chlamydia can cause…
Infection of amniotic fluid,
preterm birth
