T3 - Chapter 9 Skin, Hair, and Nails Flashcards
1
Q
Skin Cancer Risk Factors
A
- History of cancer
- family history
- excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation
- fair skin, blonde and red hair
- blue or green eyes
- moles
2
Q
What are the structures of the head?
A
Skull: 6 bones -frontal -parietal x2 -temporal x2 -occipital Face 14 bones Facial Muscles -controlled by cranial nerves 5 and 7
3
Q
What are the three head sizes?
A
Noemocephalic: -normal (symmetric and proportionate) Macrocephalic: -abnormally large Microcephalic -abnormally small
4
Q
Normal head inspection findings
A
- symmetry in features and bones
- skull should be firm
- no lumps or lesions
- temporal artery should be smooth and non tender
5
Q
Types of headaches
A
Cluster Migraine Tension Sinus Post Traumatic
6
Q
Cluster Headache
A
Most painful
Last 30 min to an hour
Repeats daily for 6-12 weeks
Remission is an average of 12 months
7
Q
Migraine
A
Starts with aura, cause by vasospasm Lasts up to 72 hours Causes: -depression -irritability -photophobia -nausea
8
Q
Tension
A
Most common between age 20 and 40
Bilateral pain may be confined to one area (occipital, temporal..)
Gradual onset, may last several days
9
Q
Post traumatic
A
After head injury (concussion) Symptoms -Dull pain -inability to concentrate -dizziness
10
Q
Sinus
A
Caused by allergies or cold
Pain face
11
Q
Two vision tests
A
Near sighted
- rosenbaum chart
- people over 40
- 14 inches away
Farsighted
- Snellen chart
- 20 feet away
12
Q
Visual abnormalities
A
Leaning to see the chart Squinting Blinking Hesitancy Vision not 20/20
13
Q
Peripheral vision or confrontation test
A
Face sitting 2-3 feet away
Cover one eye move an object from far to close and test when patient can see it
14
Q
Eye inspection
A
Eyes Eyebrows Eyelashes Eyelids Look for: Symmetry, skin characteristics, and discharge
15
Q
Pupils and cornea Testing
A
PERRLA
Pupils are equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation
Pupils should constrict when looking close
Pupils should dilate when looking far
16
Q
Eye movement testing
A
6 Cardinal fields of gaze -star or H pattern -nerves 3, 4, and 6 Cover uncover test -should have no movement Corneal Reflex -cotton ball only on unconscious patient
17
Q
What is chalazoin
A
Nodule of melibomian gland
covers most of the eyelid
18
Q
What is conjunctivitis
A
Inflammation of palpebral or bulbar conjunctiva Cause by: -contacts -allergies -pink eye -chemical reaction Findings: Redness and sticky discharge
19
Q
What are cataracts
A
Opacity of lens from denatured lens protein by age or trauma Findings: Blurry vision Cloudiness Halo around lights
20
Q
What is diabetic retinopathy
A
Visual alteration cause by diabetes Leading cause of blindness Detachment of retina, curtain over eye Findings Decreased vision Hemorrhage or micro aneurisms Exudate Vessel formation
21
Q
What is glaucoma
A
Group of diseases that increase intraocular pressure
Findings
Loss of vision without pain
22
Q
Glaucoma risk factors
A
Age over 40
Genetics
Diabetes/ HTN
23
Q
General ear assessment
A
Alignment Symmetry Color Darwin tubercle Normal conversation hearing
24
Q
Hearing assessment
A
Tests cranial nerve 8 Whisper Test Finger rub test Weber Test -sensorineural (top of head) Rinse Test -conductive (sides)
25
Inner ear inspection
Some wax is normal
| Tympanic membrane should be shiny/ pearl gray
26
Colors of tympanic membrane
```
Yellow/amber
-fluid being the membrane
Redness
-infection in general
Chalky White
-middle ear infection
Red streaks
-increased blood flow (cause by allergies)
```
27
Wax (cerumen) removal
```
Loop
Drops
Wax candle
Do not irrigate if perforated
No odor should be present
```
28
What causes a hematoma?
Direct trauma, usually a contact sport
29
What is an ear carcinoma
Cancer of the skin, patch of crusty skin or waxy bump
30
What is cauliflower ear
Thickened disfigured auricle resulting from repeat trauma
- wrestling
* red flag if seen in kids
31
Ear Problem:
| Foreign Body
Frequent in children
S/S:
Pain, drainage, fever
Decreased hearing
32
What is Otitis Media
```
Middle ear infection
S/S
Fever, pain
Vomiting (infants)
Decreased hearing
Pulling at ears
Red/ bulging TM
White or yellow drainage
```
33
What is otitis media with effusion
```
Ear infection with fluid build up
S/S
Hearing/ balance problems
Clicking or popping
No fever or pain
Retracted TM
```
34
Types of hearing loss
Conductive or Sensorineural
35
Conductive hearing loss
Interference if air conduction to middle ear
Mechanical problem
Wax build up
Scarring of otitis externa
36
Sensorineural hearing loss
```
90% of hearing loss
Caused by prebycusis
Bilateral deafness with loss of high pitch tones
Nerve damage
Transmission problem
```
37
Nose inspection
```
Palpate for tenderness
Assess patency (able to breathe from both nostrils)
```
38
Mouth inspection
Inspect lips, gums, teeth, tongue, tonsils, and anterior/posterior pillars
39
Lips inspection
```
Color, moisture, and texture
Pale: anemia or shock
Cyanotic: blue, hypoxemia
Dry: dehydration
Cracks: vitamin B deficit
```
40
Teeth inspection
Findings:
| If patient does drugs, tobacco, was or is a smoker
41
Tongue inspection
Tongue should be moist and bumpy
Able to stick tongue out (cranial nerve 12)
Smooth: Vit B deficit
Hairy tongue: antibiotics use, pipe smoker, super infection
42
What is tonsillitis
```
Bacterial infection
S/S
Sore throat
Fever/ chills
Swollen nodes
Ear pain
```
43
What is candidiasis
Thrush
Common in immunocompromised and with antibiotics
S/S
Soft white plaque on tongue
Treat with swish and spit, do not peel off
44
What is herpes of the mouth
```
Type 1 herpes
Highly contagious cold sore
S/S
Stress, allergies, extended sun exposure
Burning/ tingling/ pain before outbreak
Lesion on lips or around mouth
White ulcers inside the mouth
```
45
What is gingivitis
```
Inflammation of the gums
Caused by
Poor dental care
S/S
Bleeding gums
Redness/ swelling
Hyperplasia
```
46
What is an aphthous ulcer
Canker sore
Appear around mouth, lips, and tongue
Round/ oval ulcer yellow white center and red halo
Last up to 2 weeks
47
Neck assessment
Inspect ROM
Palpate thyroid
Palpate lymph nodes
48
What is hyperthyroidism
Excessive production and secretion of thyroid hormone
49
S/S of hyperthyroidism
```
Intolerance to heat
Bulging eyes
Facial flushing
Clubbing
Tremors
Diarrhea
Edema
Weight loss
Tachycardia
```
50
What is hypothyroidism
Decreased production of thyroid hormone
51
S/S if hypothyroidism
```
Hair loss
Cold intolerance
Facial edema
Extreme fatigue
Slow speech
Anorexia
Brittle nails and hair
Constipation
Dry skin
```
