T2 - Chapter 11 Lungs and Respiratory Flashcards
ventilation
process of moving gases in and out of the lungs
diffusion
process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration
risk factors for lung cancer
smoking secondhand smoke radon: naturally occurring gas asbestos air pollution personal and family history
what are signs of respiratory distress?
restlessness
nasal flaring
intercostal retractions
normal breathing
12-20 breaths per minute
bradypnea
slower than 12 breaths per minute
tachypnea
faster than 20 breaths per minute
hyperventilation/hyperpnea
faster than 20 breaths per minute and deep breathing
cheyne-stokes
varying periods of increasing depth interspersed with apnea
kussmaul breathing
rapid, deep, and labored
biot breathing
irregularly interspersed periods of apnea in a disorganized sequence
ataxic breathing
significant disorganization and no pattern in respiration
what is cynosis
aka pallor of nails is a sign of inadequate oxygenation of tissues caused by underlying respiratory or cardiovascular condition
bronchial breath sounds
location: heard over trachea
abnormal location: over peripheral lung fields
pitch: high and loud
inspiration < expiration 1:2
bronchovesicular breath sounds
location: over main bronchi (first and second intercostal spaces at the sternal border)
abnormal location: over peripheral lung fields
pitch: moderate and medium
inspiration = expiration 1:1
vesicular breath sounds
location: peripheral lung fields
pitch: low and soft
inspiration > expiration 2.5:1
crackles
what: fine high-pitched crackling sound
when: inspiration and sometimes expiration
not cleared by cough or altered by position
clinical findings: pneumonia, heart failure, and restrictive pulmonary disease
wheeze
what: high pitched musical sound; similar to a squeak
when: during expiration and sometimes during inspiration
clinical findings: airway diseases when the thickness of the airway increases ex:asthma
rhonchi
what: low pitched coarse loud snoring or moaning
when: during expiration and sometimes inspiration
coughing may clear it
clinical findings: disorders causing obstruction of trachea or bronchus ex: bronchitis or COPD
pleural friction rub
what: superficial high pitched coarse rubbing
when: inspiration and expiration
not cleared by cough
clinical findings: heard in individuals with pleurisy or pericarditis
acute bronchitis
- inflammation of mucous membranes of bronchial tree
- initial cough non productive then after a few days mucus may be yellow or green
- chest pain may be aggravated by coughing
- rhonchi heard on auscultation
pneumonia
- inflammation of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli
- viral has a nonproductive cough with clear sputum
- bacterial has productive cough with white, yellow, or green sputum
pleural effusion
- accumulation of fluid in pleural space
- s/s: fever, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, sharp chest pain that is worth with cough or deep breaths
asthma
- airway obstruction and inflammation
- s/s: tachycardia, tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, diminished breath sounds
emphysema
- destruction of alveolar walls
- s/s: underweight with a barrel chest, SOB with minimal exertion, possible wheezing or crackles
chronic bronchitis
- hyper-secretion of mucus resulting in cough for 3 months in 2 successive years
- s/s: productive cough, cyanosis, dyspnea, rhonchi
pneumonthorax
- air in pleural spaces
- 3 types: closed (due to trauma), open (due to penetration of chest), tension (develops air leaks)
- s/s: SOB, chest pain, tachycardia, dyspnea, tachypnea, decreased chest wall movement
hemothorax
- blood in pleural spaces
- s/s: chest pain, hypotension, cold, clammy skin, shallow breathing
atelectasis
- collapsed alveoli due to external pressure
- s/s: absent breath sounds, O2 saturation of <90%
lung cancer
- average age at dx is 70 yrs
- s/s: persistent cough, dyspnea, fatigue, unexplained weight loss
