T2 - Chapter 11 Lungs and Respiratory

Question 1

ventilation

Answer 1

process of moving gases in and out of the lungs

Question 2

diffusion

Answer 2

process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration

Question 3

risk factors for lung cancer

Answer 3

smoking
secondhand smoke
radon: naturally occurring gas
asbestos
air pollution
personal and family history

Question 4

what are signs of respiratory distress?

Answer 4

restlessness
nasal flaring
intercostal retractions

Question 5

normal breathing

Answer 5

12-20 breaths per minute

Question 6

bradypnea

Answer 6

slower than 12 breaths per minute

Question 7

tachypnea

Answer 7

faster than 20 breaths per minute

Question 8

hyperventilation/hyperpnea

Answer 8

faster than 20 breaths per minute and deep breathing

Question 9

cheyne-stokes

Answer 9

varying periods of increasing depth interspersed with apnea

Question 10

kussmaul breathing

Answer 10

rapid, deep, and labored

Question 11

biot breathing

Answer 11

irregularly interspersed periods of apnea in a disorganized sequence

Question 12

ataxic breathing

Answer 12

significant disorganization and no pattern in respiration

Question 13

what is cynosis

Answer 13

aka pallor of nails is a sign of inadequate oxygenation of tissues caused by underlying respiratory or cardiovascular condition

Question 14

bronchial breath sounds

Answer 14

location: heard over trachea
abnormal location: over peripheral lung fields
pitch: high and loud
inspiration < expiration 1:2

Question 15

bronchovesicular breath sounds

Answer 15

location: over main bronchi (first and second intercostal spaces at the sternal border)
abnormal location: over peripheral lung fields
pitch: moderate and medium
inspiration = expiration 1:1

Question 16

vesicular breath sounds

Answer 16

location: peripheral lung fields
pitch: low and soft
inspiration > expiration 2.5:1

Question 17

crackles

Answer 17

what: fine high-pitched crackling sound
when: inspiration and sometimes expiration
not cleared by cough or altered by position
clinical findings: pneumonia, heart failure, and restrictive pulmonary disease

Question 18

wheeze

Answer 18

what: high pitched musical sound; similar to a squeak
when: during expiration and sometimes during inspiration
clinical findings: airway diseases when the thickness of the airway increases ex:asthma

Question 19

rhonchi

Answer 19

what: low pitched coarse loud snoring or moaning
when: during expiration and sometimes inspiration
coughing may clear it
clinical findings: disorders causing obstruction of trachea or bronchus ex: bronchitis or COPD

Question 20

pleural friction rub

Answer 20

what: superficial high pitched coarse rubbing
when: inspiration and expiration
not cleared by cough
clinical findings: heard in individuals with pleurisy or pericarditis

Question 21

acute bronchitis

Answer 21

• inflammation of mucous membranes of bronchial tree
• initial cough non productive then after a few days mucus may be yellow or green
• chest pain may be aggravated by coughing
• rhonchi heard on auscultation

Question 22

pneumonia

Answer 22

• inflammation of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli
• viral has a nonproductive cough with clear sputum
• bacterial has productive cough with white, yellow, or green sputum

Question 23

pleural effusion

Answer 23

• accumulation of fluid in pleural space

- s/s: fever, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, sharp chest pain that is worth with cough or deep breaths

Question 24

asthma

Answer 24

• airway obstruction and inflammation

- s/s: tachycardia, tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, diminished breath sounds

Question 25

emphysema

Answer 25

• destruction of alveolar walls

- s/s: underweight with a barrel chest, SOB with minimal exertion, possible wheezing or crackles

Question 26

chronic bronchitis

Answer 26

• hyper-secretion of mucus resulting in cough for 3 months in 2 successive years
• s/s: productive cough, cyanosis, dyspnea, rhonchi

Question 27

pneumonthorax

Answer 27

• air in pleural spaces
• 3 types: closed (due to trauma), open (due to penetration of chest), tension (develops air leaks)
• s/s: SOB, chest pain, tachycardia, dyspnea, tachypnea, decreased chest wall movement

Question 28

hemothorax

Answer 28

• blood in pleural spaces

- s/s: chest pain, hypotension, cold, clammy skin, shallow breathing

Question 29

atelectasis

Answer 29

• collapsed alveoli due to external pressure

- s/s: absent breath sounds, O2 saturation of <90%

Question 30

lung cancer

Answer 30

• average age at dx is 70 yrs

- s/s: persistent cough, dyspnea, fatigue, unexplained weight loss