T3 - Chapter 13 Abdomen

Question 1

parietal peritoneum

Answer 1

lining that covers the whole abdominal cavity and keeps things confined to that space

Question 2

visceral peritoneum

Answer 2

thin layer that covers organs

Question 3

what does the peritoneal cavity contain?

Answer 3

fluid that reduces friction between organs

Question 4

what is the superior border of abdomen?

Answer 4

diaphragm

Question 5

what forms the inferior border of abdomen?

Answer 5

pelvis

Question 6

what is the pH of the stomach?

Answer 6

2-4

Question 7

what is the function of the stomach? what enzymes does it use?

Answer 7

• pepsin breaks down proteins to peptones and amino acids
• gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids or glycerol
• liquifies food into chyme and moves it to duodenum

Question 8

who much urine needs to build up in your bladder to feel like you need to pee?

Answer 8

300mL

Question 9

stress incontience

Answer 9

when sphincters are weak and a little pee leaks out during strenuous activity

Question 10

urge incontience

Answer 10

strong urge to void urine immediately

Question 11

alcohol consumption increases risk for…

Answer 11

• peptic ulcers
• esophageal cancer
• stomach cancer
• colon cancer
• pancreatitis
• cirrhosis

Question 12

smoking increases risk for…

Answer 12

-peptic ulcers

Question 13

what are the functions of the small intestine?

Answer 13

• food is mixed, digest, and absorbed

- absorption occurs through intestinal villi

Question 14

what is an important role of the ileocecal valve?

Answer 14

prevents backward flow of fecal material

Question 15

what is included in the hepatic portal vein system?

Answer 15

-veins draining intestines, pancreas, stomach, and gallbladder

Question 16

what do the renal veins drain?

Answer 16

-kidneys and ureters

Question 17

what are the common causes of abdominal pain?

Answer 17

-fat
-fluid
-flatulence
-feces
-fetus
fibroid tumor
-fatal tumor

Question 18

black poop signals

Answer 18

internal bleeding

Question 19

tan poop signals

Answer 19

• problem with liver

- bilirubin isn’t leaving body and is getting accumulated causing jaundice

Question 20

GERD

Answer 20

• flow of gastric secretions up into esophagus
• weakened lower esophageal pressure or increased intraabdominal pressure
• Clinical findings: heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia; are aggravated by laying down

Question 21

large intestine

Answer 21

• 3 parts: ascending, transverse, descending
• absorbs water and electrolytes
• feces stored here until defecation

Question 22

where is the stomach located?

Answer 22

LUQ

Question 23

where is the large intestine located?

Answer 23

RUQ

Question 24

Liver

Answer 24

• bile production and secretion
• production of clotting factors and fibrinogen
• synthesis of plasma proteins
• detoxification of drugs and alcohol

Question 25

where is the liver located?

Answer 25

RUQ

Question 26

gallbladder

Answer 26

- concentrates and stores bile | - creates brown color in feces

Question 27

where is the gallbladder located?

Answer 27

RUQ

Question 28

pancreas

Answer 28

- endocrine: secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin carbohydrate - exocrine: bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes - lipase breaks down fats - amylase breaks down carbohydrates - protease breaks down proteins for absorption

Question 29

where is the pancreas located?

Answer 29

LUQ

Question 30

spleen

Answer 30

- highly vascular - composed of white pulp and red pulp - removes old or agglutinated erythrocytes - removes platelets - activates B and T lymphocytes

Question 31

where is the spleen located?

Answer 31

LUQ

Question 32

kidneys

Answer 32

- right kidney is slightly lower than left - secretes erythrocyte protein to stimulate red blood cell production - produces vitamin D - nephron regulates fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 33

hiatal hernia

Answer 33

- protrusion of stomach through esophageal hiatus - common causes: pregnancy, obesity, ascites - clinical findings: similar to GERD

Question 34

peptic ulcer disease

Answer 34

- occurs in lower end of esophagus, stomach, or duodenum - duodenal is most common: caused by break in duodenal mucosa - may result from infection with helicobacter pylori - clinical findings: burning pain after eating 1-2 hrs

Question 35

crohns disease

Answer 35

- commonly affects terminal ileum and colon - affected mucosa is ulcerated with presence of fistulas and abscesses - clinical findings: unpredictable periods of remission with relapse, cramping, persistent diarrhea, rectal passage of blood and mucus, fever and constipation

Question 36

ulcerative colitis

Answer 36

- starts in rectum and progresses through large intestine - may progress to colon cancer - clinical findings: anemia, weight loss, profuse watery diarrhea

Question 37

diverticulitis

Answer 37

- inflammation of diverticula due to presence of feces | - clinical findings: pain in LLQ, altered bowel habits, distended abdomen and tympanic, decreased bowel sounds

Question 38

viral hepatitis

Answer 38

- inflammation of liver | - clinical findings: anorexia, enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice, tan colored stools, dark urine

Question 39

cirrhosis

Answer 39

- chronic degenerative disease of the liver - 12th leading cause of death in U.S - causes: hepatitis, biliary obstruction, alcoholism - clinical findings: hard liver, ascites, portal HTN, coma

Question 40

cholecystitis

Answer 40

- inflammation of gallbladder - bile duct becomes edema or gallstones - clinical findings: pain in RUQ that radiates to scapula

Question 41

pancreatitis

Answer 41

- common causes: alcoholism, obstruction of sphincter | - clinical findings: severe pain worse with food intake, pts comfortable in fetal position, hypotension, shock

Question 42

UTI

Answer 42

-clinical findings: dysuria, fatigue, muscle aches

Question 43

nephrolithiasis

Answer 43

- kidney stones | - clinical findings: fever and hematuria, severe pain in CVA

Question 44

Organs in the right upper quadrant

Answer 44

``` Liver Pancreas Pylorus Duodenum Part of ascending colon Part of transverse colon ```

Question 45

Organs in the left upper quad

Answer 45

``` Stomach Pancreas Spleen Part of descending colon Part of transverse colon ```

Question 46

Organs in right lower quad

Answer 46

Appendix Cecum (beginning of large intestine) right kidney Part of ascending colon

Question 47

Organs in left lower quad

Answer 47

Sigmoid colon Left kidney Portion of descending colon