Systems Neuroscience: Neuroanatomy Flashcards
anatomical reference for the part of the brain closest to the forehead
Anterior or rostral
anatomical reference for the part of the brain closest to back of head
posterior or caudal
anatomical reference for the part of the brain closest to the ground
ventral
a body part has ______________ when there is a mirror image on the right/left side of the opposite side
Bilateral symmetry
_____ is the invisible line running up and down the nervous system
midline
______ is the term for the position of a structure closer to the body’s midline
medial
_____ is the term for the position of a structure when it is farther from the body’s midline
lateral
______ is a term referring to two structures, in relation to one another, on the same side of the body’s midline
ipsilateral
is a term referring to two structures, in relation to one another, on opposite sides of the body’s midline
contralteral
_____ :the plane that splits the brain into equal right and left sections
midsagittal plane
___: plane of brain that sections parallel to the midsagittal plane; doesn’t split brain equally in half
sagittal plane
________: the plane of the brain horizontal to the ground
horizontal plane
__________: the plane of the brain perpendicular to the ground and to the sagittal plane
coronal plane
the structure that houses DNA
nucleus
_____: collection of neurons in the CNS
nucleus
_______: a collection of neurons in the PNS
ganglion
______: a bundle of axons in the CNS
tract
______: a bundle of axons in the PNS
nerve
largest part of the brain, split into two hemispheres that receive movements and sensations from the opposite side of the body
cerebrum
lies behind the cerebrum; primarily controls movement; left side concerned with body’s left side, right side concerned with body’s right side
cerebellum
relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and vice versa
brain stem
encased in bony vertebral column, attached to brainstem; carries from skin joints and muscles to brain and vice versa
spinal cord
_____ attach to the spinal cord by the dorsal and ventral root
spinal nerves
_____ root carries signals into the spinal cord
dorsal root
_____ root carries signals away from the spinal cord
ventral root
_____ consists of innervate skin, joints, muscles under voluntary control
the somatic PNS
_____ consists of internal organs, blood vessels and glands under involuntary control
the Visceral PNS or the autonomic NS
________: “carry to” usually referring to the CNS
afferent axons
________: “carry from” usually referring to the CNS
efferent axons
______ arise from the brain stem and innervate the head; 12 pairs; usually contain mix of axons with different functions
cranial nerves
_____: Three membranes (the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater) that form a protective covering over the CNS so it does not come in direct contact with overlying bones (skull and vertebral column)
the meninges
_____: the outermost layer of the meninges; leather like consistency that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
the dura mater
_______: the middle-most layer of the meninges; resembles a spider web
arachnoid membrane
_______: innermost layer of meninges; thin membrane adhering closely to brain surface
pia mater
is there normally space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane? what about the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater? The pia mater and the brain?
Normally:
- no space between dura mater/ arachnoid
- subarachnoid space filled with CSF between arachnoid and pia mater
- very little space between pia mater and brain; it adheres closely to brain
what happens if blood vessels going through dura mater rupture
blood can collect between dura mater and arachnoid where there is normally no space forming a subdural hematoma which can compress the CNS
Does anything happen to the CSF in the subarachnoid space?
it is absorbed by blood vessels at the arachnoid villi; this is necessary, if its disrupted brain damage can occur
______ is produced by the tissue choroid plexus which is located in the ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebrospinal fluid
pathway/ flow of cerebrospinal fluid
flows from paired ventricles of cerebrum to the connected central cavities at core of brain stem. CSF exits the ventricular system and enters the subarachnoid space through small openings where cerebellum attaches to the brain stem
what is the ventricular system composed of
the cerebrospinal fluid-filled spaces in the brain
the ______ method of visualizing brain without sectioning it; soak brain in solutions that replaces light absorbing lipids and turns brain transparent while
neurons turn fluorescent
CLARITY method
generates image of a slice of the brain by taking x-ray around head within plane of cross section
computer tomography (CT)
__________: more detailed than CT, images of brain in any desired plane; uses electromagnetic info coming from hydrogen atoms in response to a strong magnetic field
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
_______: enables visualization of axon bundles by measuring the diffusion of water based on hydrogen atoms in water molecules at discrete time intervals
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
________: detect changes in blood flow and metabolism by detecting injected glucose or radioactive oxygen
positron emission tomography (PET)
_______: detect changes in blood flow and metabolism but detecting blood oxygen; shows where brain activity occurs
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
