Abnormal Week 2 Flashcards
a set of basic assumptions, a general perspective that defines how to :
- Conceptualize and study a subject
- Gather and interpret relevant data
- Think about a particular subject
- determines what info we neglect
paradigm
paradigm that is the continuation of the somatogenic hypothesis
the biological paradigm
what perspective is this:
individual behavioural differences attributable to geneic makeup; clinical syndromes are disorders of phenotype not genotype
behavioural geneticsn
the presence of the same trait in both members of a pair of twins
concordance rate
what we are born with - fixed, not static but switches on and off over time; unobservable
genotype
result of genotype + environment interaction
phenotype
the assumption twins have the same number of stressful life experiences in order to measure heritability
equal environment assumption
the perspective of :_________
tries to specificy particular genes involved, and the precie function of target genes
molecular genetics perspective of biological paradigm
differences in style of expressing behaviours; appears to be innate
temperament
types of temperament
resilient
over-controlling
under-controlling
resilient temperament type
cpoes will with adversity; adapts and is high functioning; high self-esteem; high school preformance
the over controlling temperament
overly inhibited and preone to istress; linked with shyness and loneliness; moderate self-esteem; moderate school preformance
the under controlling temperament
impulsive and can seem out of control sometimes (prone to acting out and aggreeive behaviours; externalizes problems; school problems; sometimes lower IQ and school preformance
_______perspective of paaradigm _____:
deals with neuroscience
biochemistry perspective of biological paradigm
______: reducing what is studied to basic elements; influential among biologivcal psychologists who reduce things to a body defect
reductionism
the two perspectives of the cognitive-behavioural paradigm
- the behavioural/ learning perspective
- the cognitive perpesctive
strengthening behaviour bu adding somethign good
positive reinforment
strengthening behaviour by removing something good
negative reinforment
strengthening behaviour by adding something bad
positive punishment
strengthening behaviour by removing somethign bad
negative punishment
re-learning a response to a stimulus
counterconditioning
stimulus attractive to client paired with unpleasent event
systematic desensitization/ adversive conditioning
forced prolonged exposure to a stimulus
flooding exposure
counterconditioning techniques
- flooding exposure
- systematic desensitization
- operant conditioning
____: perspective of ____ where the client is an active interpreter of a situation and the clients past knowledge is a perceptual tunnel for new experiences
the cognitive perspective of the cognitive-behavioural paradigm
the ______ perspective of the _____ paradigm: focusing on observavle behaviours and views abnormal behaviours as learned responses
the behavioural/ learning perspective of the cognitive-behaviour paradigm
explain Becks therapy
cognitive behavioural therapy - created for depression- challenges schemas and irrational beliefs, changing pattern of thought preseumed to be causing a disturbed emotion of behaviour, with homework,
what has shown to be more effective than antidepressants in the long term
cognitive behavioural therapy CBT
who was ratino-emotive behaviuora therapy (REBT) created by
albert ellis
explain REBT
rational emotive behaviour therpay
- internal senstences ppl repeat to themselves - self-statements reflect unspoken assumptions - aims to eliminate self-defeating irrational beliefs though the ratinoal examination of them and discover more ratinoal ways of observing the world
what therapy is known to be used by therapists who had a more direct, aggressive style… why?
rational-emotive behaviour therapy
- bc they eliminate irratinoal thoughts by doing a ratinoal examination of them
what paradigm did freud create
the psychanalytic paradigm
explain the psychoanalytic paradigm
psychpathology result of unconscious conflicts
- contains anxieties, defence mechanism, psychoanalytic theory
anxieies of psychoanalytic theory
- objective anxiety: realistic; reality-connected
- neurotic anxiety: not realistic; tensino of ID by ego
- moral anxiety: arises when expectazations are not met, fear of punishment; tension of superego with ego; superego punishes person for ego
explain the defence mechanism: repression
psuhes unacceptable impulses into unconscious
explain the defence mechanism: displace
redirecting emotional response
; can’t be angry at prof so will get angry at my dog
explain the defence mechanism: reaction formation
coverting one feeling into opposite
explain the defence mechanism: regression
retreating to behaviour of earlier age
explain the defence mechanism: sublimation
convertinf ID desire into a productive behaviour
ID:
instinctual desires
Superego
critical, moral role
ego
rational oragnized realistic part
_______: the therapists feelings towards the client which if you are ther\pist need to be aware of in order to be as objective as possible
countertransferance
______: clients view of therapist as symbolic ; certain emotions or feelings toward therapist
transference
what does psychodynamic therapy involve
rapid early assessment, concrete goals to improve clien’t worse symptoms and enable client to cope better; transference not encouraged
therapy created by harry stack sullivan
interpersonal therpay
describe interpersonal therapy
client and their social environment, improve communication with others; our needs met determines if others needs are met
what makes interpersonal therapy less effective
if the client has experienced abuse as a child
explain the rational behind dream analysis
the ego is relaxed and you can sometimes come to understand things too unacceptable to enter conscious mind directly- which shows up in dreams
criticisms of psychoanalytic theory
- not scientific, based on acedotes during therapy sessions
what paradigm is insight focused and helps clients understand so they can treat the motives of their behaviours; focuses on free will of person most importatn characteritic of a person
humanistic paradigm
explain the humanistic paradigm
- doesnt focus on cause, but on interventions
- say with support people will flourish/ self-actualize
- anxiety occurs when there is a discrepancy between one’s self-perceptions and one’s ideal self
therapies of humanistic paradigm
carl rodgers- client-centered therapy
gestalt therapy- fritz pearl
explain client-centered therapy….. and who invented it?
carl rodgers invented
- humans guided by innate tendency towards self-actualization
- understod only from person’s own eprception
- create conditinos that will facilitate independent decision-making by the client
- unconditional positive regard
- empathy
2 types of empathy in client-centered empathy
primary empathy (refers to therapists undertanding and involves restating) advanced empathy (inference by therapist, involves interpretation)
what is positive psychology
a focus on flourishing attributes that emphasize wellness ;protective factors
most therapists use a ________________ which is a combination of ideas and therapeutic techniques
prescriptuive eclectic therapy
external factors (psychosocial influence):
familial factors
peer influence
the three types of parenting styles and explain them:
- authoritarian parenting (restrictive, overcontrolling, “helicoptor parent” - harsh my way or highway)
- permissive parenting
- no structure or leadership - authoritative parenting- adaptive, explain reasoning; warm
children of authoritarian parents may
internalize, externalize problems
- poorer intellectural development
children of permissive parents may
internalize, eternalize problems
what influence does peer popoularity have on kids
popular kids are better adjusted
two integrative paradigms of integrative paradigm
diathesis-stress paradigm
biopsychosocial paradigm
- both emphase interplay ampng biological psychologcial and socil/environmental perspectives
diathesis-stress paradigm explained:
not limited to one school of thought
about interaction between predisposition to diseases (diathesis) and enviro disturbances (stress)
________ for a disorder increases a persons risk for itq
diathesis
diathesis definition
prediosposition towards a certain disease
differential susceptibility factos
expected adverse reaction to negtaive experines and positive to positive experinces
- -
+ +
explain biopsychosocial paradigm
biological, psychological, social factors are subsystsmes
- complex reactions
what is a risk factor
factors that interact to put perople at greater risk of developing disorders
what are protective factors
factors that if present can help protect individuals from developing disorders
what is resilience
the ability to bounce back inthe face of adversity
how does social economic status (SES) interact with other factors
high SES leads to low severe internalizating and externalizing symptoms
low SES leads to increases chronic maternal stress during the childs infancy
