Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Semester 2 > Abnormal Week 4 > Flashcards

Abnormal Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Disorders formally classed as anxiety disorders but are now in seperate chapters of the DSM - 5

A

PTSD

OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The two distinguishable components of anxiety

A

phsyiological

cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A (sometimes considered) 3rd component of anxiety

A

a behavioural component involving avoidance and other safety behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anxiety tends to be ____ focused

A

future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

___________ about many themes is a main compoanent of generalized anxiety disorder

A

persistent uncontrollable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sarason’s Reactions to Tests scale has two subscales tapping into ___ and ____ components

A

phsiological and cognitive components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the inability to concentrate due to mind wandering

A

test-irrelevant thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anxiety must be _________________ in order for necessary clinical intervention (difference between normal and abnormal anxiety

A

chronic, relatively intense, associated with role impairment, and causing distress for self or others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is there a difference in gender prevelance in anxiety disorders

A

yes, anxiety is more common in women than in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is there enough mental health services for everyone with anxiety

A

no, there is not enough mental helath services for every with clinical anxiety to get help; let alone other mental illnesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the disorders with the earliest median age (15-17) onset

A

phobias and seperation anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the disorders with the lastest median age of onset

A

panic anciety disorder
GAD
major depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

anxiety that results from not having contact or the possibilty of losing contact with attachment figures

A

seperation anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fear or avoidance of objects or situations that do not present any real danger

A

specific phobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fear and avoidance of social situations due to possible negative evaluation from others

A

social anxiety disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

recurrent unexpected panic attacks involving sudden onet of phsyiological symptoms accompanied by terror and feelings of impending doom

A

panic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fear of being in piublic place with no escape

A

agorphobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

persistent, uncontrollable worry, often about minor things

A

generalized anxiety disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

failure to speak in one situation (usually school) when able to speak in other situations (usually home)

A

selective mutism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is seperation anxiety soley in children

A

no, it has recently been found more prevalent in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

anxiety disorders and associated with _______ and suicide attempts

A

suicide ideation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ther term “specific phobia” implies that the person suffers _____

A

intense distress and social or occupational impairment because of the anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the greek god who frightened his enemies

A

phobos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

acrophobia

A

fear of heights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ergasiophobia

A

fear of working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pnigophobia

A

fear of chocking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

taphephobia

A

fear of being alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

no mobile phone phobia; why? 4 dimensions of the fear?

A

nomophobia

  • maybe way of compensating for other anxieties
    1. inability to communicate
    2. being disconnected
    3. inability to access info
    4. inconvenience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

_______s tend to focus on the content of the phobia and see the phobic object as a symbol of important unconscious fear

A

psychoanalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

_______ tend to ignore the content of the phobia and focus ont he functino of the phobia

A

behaviourists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the DSM-5’s subtypes of specific phobias

A 
blood-injection-injury
situations
animals
natural environment 
other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

why is reasearch lacking on specific phobias

A

the avoidance associated with the phobias - ppl avoid rather than seek treatment or address it in any way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the mean duratino of specific phobias

A

20 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

do most people have 1 phobia

A

people often have 2+ phobias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

are phobias culturally varied

A

yes ex: in china they have a fear of being cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

3 feared and avoided situations of socially anxiety disorder

A
  1. public speaking or other performance types
  2. social interactions
  3. being observed in public
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Prior to DSM, social anxiety disorder could be classified as either ____ or ____

A

generalized or specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

people with generalized social phobia were found to have :

A

earlier age of onset

  • more comorbidity with other disorders (depression, alcohol abuse) GAD, specific phobas, panic disorder, avoidant personality, mood disorders
  • more severe impairment
  • vulnerable to week related problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

most children diagnosed with ___ are diagnosed with SAD

A

selective mutism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the osnet of SAD generlaly takes place during

A

adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

changes to the DSM-5 for social anxiety include

A
  • perofrmance only specifier, change in name from social phobia –> social anxiety disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

does SAD vary cross cultures?

A

yes, in japna there is a syndrome that is an extreme fear of embarrasing others; causing others to feel anxious, rather than ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

are all parts of ____

  • avoidance conditioning
  • modelling
  • prepared learning
  • the role of diathesis
  • social skill deficeits
A

behavioural theories of SAD and specific phobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

reactions are learned responses - main account of phobias are aquired - is called:

A

avoidance conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the two parts of avoidance conditioning

A
  1. via classical conditioing: learn to fear neutral stimulus if paired with painful/ frightening event
  2. can learn to reduce fear by escaping/ avoiding the now conditioned stimulus, which reinforces the conditioned simulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

a person can learn fears from imitating the reactions of others

A

modelling - of behaviour theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

vicarious learning :____

A

learning by observing others actions to stimuli or what they have to say

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

some stimuli is more likeli than others to become classically conditioned stimuli, since an organisms is physiologically prepared to be sensitive to that object/ situation

A

prepared learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

according to preepardness theory is every stimulus capable of becoming a source fo fear

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

a tendency to believe similar traumatic experiences will pccur in the future - which may be important in developing a phobia

A

a cognitive diathesis/ predisposition - role of diathesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

why should people not be completely regarded as a valid theory of phobias

A

some peopel do not report direct exposure or a traumatic event to their phobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the use fo safety behvaiours during a speech preformance may be reponsible for

A

poorer performance rankings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

parent and child reports of social skills did not differ compaing ____ and _____ but they did have some observable behaviours

A

SAD and GAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

_____ views focus on how thought processes can serve as a diathesis on how thoughts can maintain a phobia or anxiety

A

cognitive views

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

sopeople with SAD see their positive attributes as _____

; and they ____ negative experiences more

A

being less important than negative; and they remeber negative experinces better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

cognitive models link social anxiety with
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. an attentiional bias to focus on negative social ino and interpret ambigous situations as negative
  2. perfectionistic standards for accepted social performances
  3. a high degree of public self-consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

David clark’s model of SAD on SAD treatment

A

not exposure but behavioural experiments and role plays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

challening _____ is the important therapuetic goal of “widening the bandwidth”

A

interpretatinos that social blunders cost much more than people withouth SAD believe they will cost

59
Q

a type of cognitve processing, ruminative in nature, that focuses on the past social situations; changing it, doing things different

A

post-event processing (PEP)

60
Q

biological theories of SAD and specific phobias focus on ___ and ___

A

the autonomic NS and genetic factos

61
Q

stability-lability

A

a dimensino of autonomic activity

62
Q

labile indivudals

A

jumpy individuals whose autonomic system is readily aroused

63
Q

temperament is ___ influenced

A

genetically

64
Q

psychoanalytic therores account for phobic behaviour:

A

phobias are a defence against anxiety produced by repressed ID impulses, the anxiety is displaced from the feared ID impulse and moved to an object/situation that has a symbolic connection to it

65
Q

a feeling of being outside ones body

A

depersonalization

66
Q

a feeling ther world’s not being real; as well as fears of losing control, going crazy or even dying

A

rerealization

67
Q

how many symptoms out of how many symptoms do you need to meet in order to be diagnosed for a panic attack?

A

4 out of a possible 13

68
Q

do panic attacks often have situational triggers or no

A

they do

69
Q

when the relationship with the stimuli that triggered a panic attack is present but not strong; what do they often occur with

A

situationally predisposed panic attack; SAD

70
Q

when can panic attacks occur

A

whenerv; even in a seemingly beeign states ie. sleeping or relazing

71
Q

waking up in a state of panic is referred to as

A

a nocturnal panic attack

72
Q

what is a cued/expected panic attack

A

a panic attack where there is a strong association with the trigger of the panic attack

73
Q

what type of panic attack is required for a diganosis of panic disorder

A

uncued/ unexpected panic attacks ; out of the blue

74
Q

the change in behaviour that often occurs as a result of the panic attacks usually involves

A

avoidance

75
Q

why would people who have panic attacks avoid exercise

A

they want to avoid the sensations they fear

76
Q

more than ____% of people diagnosed as having one of the many anxiety disorders also experience panic attacks

A

80%

77
Q

research into panic attacks perhaps being a marker for severe psychopathology independent of panic dosrder has led to what chnage to the DSM

A

a panic attak specifier in the DSM -5

ex: social anxiety disorder with panic attacks

78
Q

a cluster of fears centring on public places and being unable to escapse or find help should one become incapacitated

A

agoraphobia

79
Q

to be diagnosed with agoraphobia, a perosn would have to :

A
  • be anxious about at least two types of situations out of the following 5: public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, lines/crowds, and being out of the house alone
80
Q

the primarily concern of someone with agoraphobia

A

having panic like symptoms andnot being able to escape the situation, but it could also be a fear of incontinece or other embarrasing symptoms

81
Q

if avoidance to one type of sitation where a panic attack could be dangerous or embarrasing it is classified as a _____
- if avoidance covers two situations than a diagnosis of_____ if given

A

panic disorder - 1

agoraphobia - 2+

82
Q

agoraphobia much more common in __ than ___

A

women than men

83
Q

What can casue some people to develop panic disorder in a minority of cases (biological theory)

A

physical sensations caused by an illness that can be terrifying for the individual

84
Q

is panic disorder heritable? proof?

A

another biological theory suggests panic is caused by an overactivity in the _____ system

85
Q

another biological theory suggests panic is caused by an overactivity in the _____ system

A

noradrenergic (neurons that use norepinephrine as a NT)

86
Q

The overactivity in the noradrenergic system focuses on a nucleus in the pons called the ________ which when overstimulated in monkeys, caused them to have a panic attack, and when stimulated in humans by the drug yohimbine, induced panic attacks in ppl with panic disorder

A

its a peptide; induces anxiety-like symptoms in rats; can be blocked by benzodiazepines; hypothesized the hypersensitivity to CCK may cause panic disorder, at least in part

87
Q

The role of cholecystokinin (CCK)in panic disorder

A

its a peptide; induces anxiety-like symptoms in rats; can be blocked by benzodiazepines; hypothesized the hypersensitivity to CCK may cause panic disorder, at least in part

88
Q

noradrenergic overactivity idea: problem with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAG) neurons that generally _____ noragrenergic activity

A

inhibit

89
Q

The prinicipal psychological theory of agoraphobia is the _________ hypothesis, which means __________

A

fear-of-fear; means agoraphobia is not a fear of public places ut a fear of having panic-like symptoms in these public places

90
Q

The prinicple hypothesis of the development of panic attacks may be the _________ is predisposed to be overly active, coupled with the psychological tendency to be _________________

A

autonomic nervous systems (ANS)

  • upset by these sensations
91
Q

The viscious panic attack disorder circle

A

fear panic attack –> increased ANS activity –> sensatinos interpreted in catastrophic ways–> rasied anxiety level –> ANS activity increased –> eventually full blown panic attack

92
Q

Telch and collegues did a student with students with no history of panic attakcs divided into two groups (high score; low score) on Anxiety sensitivity indexx - higher scores = sensations interpreted to have harmful consequencses
- what did they find?

A

a heightened tendency to be afraid of fear sensations appears to play an important role in panic attacks - unexplained physiological arousal in someone fearful of these sensations leads to panic attacks

93
Q

anxiety sensitivity predicted______ andis a risk factor in the development of _______

A

predicted spontaneous panic attacks and is a risk factor in the development of numerous clinical syndrome (related most closely with panic disorder but also other disorders)

94
Q

anxiety sensitivity was correlated with greater activity in the following brain regions while processing emotional faces :______and ___________ which are both involved in _____

A

anterior cingulate cortex and the insula; both involved in processing the threat

95
Q

anxiety sensitivity and enviro or genetic causes

A

joint enviro and genetic causes; but genetics play bigger role in extreme levels of anxiety sensitivity

96
Q

how would the environment contribute to anxiety sensitivity

A

people with high anxiety ansitvity maay have learned to catastrophize their bodily sensations via parental modelling and parental reinforcement

97
Q

what therapy helps high anxiety sensitvity

A

CBT- cognitive behavioual therapy invented by beck when he was freaking 95 years old wtf

98
Q

what is the anxiety equation

A

(consequences x prob x immenence)/ self-efficacy

99
Q

what is sefl-efficacy

A

not self-esteem; how well you handle a particular situation; varies over situations

100
Q

the problem with avoidance

A

keeps person from living consequences; never develop self-efficacy

101
Q

what is the fear network

A

much of what the brain does is unconscious; first step in perceiving is automatic ; only after the fact do you put meaning with the situation

102
Q

the fear network refers to the ___ system which is comprised of ______

A 
limbic system which is comprised of 
thalamus
amygdala
hippocampus
hippothalamus
103
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

sensory relay staition, directs sense info to appropriate cortex areas

104
Q

what does the amygdala do

A

two functions:

1) generates fight or flight response/ activates it
2) helps decide what situations are relevent to focus threat attention to

105
Q

what it the hippocampus responsible for

A

memory; short term–> long term

association with the frontal lobe; compares new stimuluses to old stimuluses

106
Q

what does the hypothalmus do

A

regulates basic drives; regulates ANS; sends info to adrenal gland which secrete different hormones

107
Q

anxious people have an overactive ___

A

amygdala

108
Q

therapy can restore the size of the ___

A

hippocampus

109
Q

_____ shrinks the size of the hippocampus

A

cortisol

110
Q

a person who is persistently anxious, often about minor things in daily life may have

A

generalized anxiety disorder

111
Q

when does GAD usually begin

A

mid teens

112
Q

as _____ rises, anxiety rises in people with GAD

A

uncertainty

113
Q

people with GAD are often drawn to what stimuli

A

stimuli that suggests possible physical harm or social misfortune

114
Q

there is a theory for people with GAD that worry distracts from _____, negatively reinforcing symptoms of GAD

A

negative emotions

  • worry does not produce much emotional arousal versus emotions
115
Q

is there a genetic component to GAD

A

probably, twin studies show there are both heritable and environmental components and the genetic influence was about the same for both men and women

116
Q

there has been white matter abnormalities in the ____ and ____ of GAD clients

A

amygdala and cingulate cortex

117
Q

GAD may result from defects in the _____ system since this is usually self regulating and goes off in normal fear reactions

A

GABA system

118
Q

benzodiazepines work for GAD clients by what

A

enhancing the release of GABA

119
Q

the psychoanalytic theory for GAD

A

unconscious conflict between ego and id impulses - usually sexual or aggressive in nature… ego cannot allow because it unconsciously fears punishment will follow

120
Q

what is in vivo exposure

  • is it effective
  • problems with this?
A

when a person is exposed to their feared situations or stimuli

  • better than imagining
  • effective but high dropout rate and low treatment acceptance
121
Q

what is VR exposure

  • critical elements?
  • effectiveness?
  • problems with this?
A

virtual reality exposure
- successful for anxiety including specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and agoraphobia
- critical elements:
1. it occurs in real time
2. feels like you’re
actually there
- found to be just as effective as in vivo exposure

122
Q

what is AR exposure

A

augmented reality exposure

  • combines VR and physical world
  • used in treatment of small animal phobias
123
Q

Modelling as anxiety treatment

A

fearful clients are exposed to filmed or live demonstrations of other people interacting fearlessly with phobic object

124
Q

flooding as anxiety treatment

A

the client is exposed to source of phobia at full intensity - usually last resort

125
Q

what is Ost’s one session exposure treatment for phobias

A

highly intensive and can last many hours

126
Q

why is there skepticism surrounding cognitive treatment for specific phobias

A

because the phobic fear is often already recognized by the individual as excessive or unreasonable

127
Q

what is cognitive treatment good for

A

social anxiety disorder - as people with this often have adequate social skills but do not use them because of self-defeating thoughts

128
Q

what is panic-control therapy

A 
3 components:
1. relaxation training
2. combo of Ellis- and beck- 
      type CBT interventions
3. exposure to internal cues 
    that trigger panic 
    (interoceptive exposure)
129
Q

explain interoceptive exposure

A

client practices behaviors in room which elicits feelings associated with panic
components (breathe through straw, spin in chair) :
1. client experiences them under safe conditions
2. client applies learned cognitive strategies so sensations become less threatening

130
Q

CBT is generally more successful than drug treatments to treat anxiety disorders ? T or F?

A

True!

- create lasting change

131
Q

what treatments are becoming more and more popular for anxiety disorders

A

mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments

132
Q

what is lovingkindness

A

a type of mindfulness meditation that involves being kind to oneself and then extending that kindness to others

133
Q

biological approach to treating anxiety

A

drugs

134
Q

barbiturates

A

first major category of anxiety treatment drugs but were highly addictive and have a great risk of a lethal dose

135
Q

what are valium and Xanax examples of

A

benzodiazepines

136
Q

are benzodiazepines addictive? how long should they be used for?

A

yes; short term

137
Q

monoamine oxidase inhibitors are used for

A

SAD

138
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used for

A

SAD, GAD, panic disorder

139
Q

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are used for

A

SAD, GAD, panic disorder

140
Q

Azapirones are used for

A

GAD

141
Q

alcohol self-medication was highest for what illness

A

GAD

142
Q

drug affects on fear related memory

A

DSC (d’cycloserine) makes “good exposures better and bad exposure worse”
- tries to eliminate fear for a limited amount of time

143
Q

psychoanalytic approaches to anxiety

  • phobias
  • panic disorder
A

phobias - regarded as symptomatic of underlying conflict, so phobias usually not dealt with directly, however they do recognize that it is important to exposed client to what is feared
panic disorder - psychodynamic psychotherapy

Year 2 Semester 2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions