Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Semester 2 > Development Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Development Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who did philosophers Plato and Aristotle believe should bring up children? What did they believe children should be when they grow up?

A

schools and parents - responsibility to teach self-control that would make kids effective citizens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Believed children grew up with innate knowledge of concrete objects and abstractions - sensory experiences simply trigger present knowledge

A

Plato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

denied innate knowledge, believed knowledge was rooted in perceptual experiences, knowledge was acquired from the senses

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did John Locke believe about human infant knowledge

A

human infants were a blank slate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe about children’s knowledge, how its acquired?

A

they have innate sense of justice and morality that naturally unfolds as the child grows; parents should be receptive to children’s needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

For much of history once children no longer needed constant parental care they were considered grown up and entered the world of work. At what age did they say children no longer needed this parental care

A

5-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is baby biographies

A

detailed systematic observations of individual children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what did James mark Baldwin contribute to psychology

A

studied psychology early on in its development; performed experiments rather than just observed as others had been doing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the Canadian psychological association is found in

A

1939

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is applied developmental research

A

a branch of child-development psychology that uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

5 major theoretical perspectives in developmental psychology

A

biological, psychodynamic, learning, cognitive-developmental, contextual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the biological perspective and mention important researches in this perspective

A

maturation theory: child’s development reflects a plan in the body;

  • ethological theory - evolution - behaviors are adaptive for survival; behaviors are inherited

Konrad Lorenz
critical period - rapid learning during specific times;
imprinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ethological theory and maturation theory are both part of the ____ perspective

A

biological perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

explain the psychodynamic perspective and important players in it

A

FREUD.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
- development comprises a sequence of stages that define a unique crisis of challenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what theories are part of the psychodynamic perspective

A

freuds psychodynamic theory

eriksons psychosocial theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the Learning perspective

A

infants mind = blank slate (Lockes view)
- classical conditioning - pavlov
- operant conditioning - skinner
imitation/ observational learning

social cognitive theory - banduras experiment - modelling - and self efficacy (experiences gives children beliefs about their own abilities/talents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the social cognitive theory is by who and belongs to what development perspective

A

bandura , learning perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the cognitive-developmental perspective

A

focuses on who children think and how their thinking changes as they grow

Piaget - theory of cognitive development
stages of cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain Piaget’s cognitive development theory and what perspective it belongs to

A

4 stages children must go through in order
to move on, equilibrium must be disrupted

Sensorimotor (birth-2) knowledge based on senses and motor skills; mental representations by end of period

preoperational (2-7) use symbols to rep aspects of world; but only sees world through their perspective

concrete operational (7-11) logical operations to experiences, provided they are focused on here and now

formal operational ( adolescence-on) think abstractly; hypothetical situations; reasons deductively about what may be possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain the contextual perspective and its important ppl

A

environment and all its components, direct or indirect, influence a child’s life and thus its development

  • Vygotsky’s theory of contextual development
  • Bronfenbrenner’s theory of ecological systems (round circles with all the elements in ones life)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain Vygotsky’s theory and what perspective it belongs to

A

contextual development theory
- emphasizes role of parents and other adults in conveying culture to children / next generation

belongs to contextual perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

explain Bronfenbrenner’s theory and what perspective it belongs to

A

emphasizes the interaction of different environmental aspects and their influence - direct or indirect - on a child’s life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is continuity-versus-discontinuity

A

the “relatedness” of development : are early aspects very related to later aspects; is development predictable based on early aspects of a persons’ life or behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the active-passive child issue

A

are children at the mercy of their environment (passive child) or do they actively influence their development through their unique individual characteristics (active child)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

development in different domains is always

A

intertwined/ connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the 6 ethical responsibilities

A

1) seek research that benefits humanity
2) minimize patient risks
3) describe research to potential participants so they can decide if they would like to participate or not
4) avoid deception if possible
5) keep results confidential or anonymous
6) give debriefing afterwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how much semen is released into vaginal during ejaculation; how much sperm does this contain

A

5 mL

200 million - 500 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how many chromosomes in body

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called

A

autosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how many genes in 46 chromosomes

A

about 25 000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what percent of genes causes differences between people

A

fewer than 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what example was shown in class for incomplete dominance

A

sickle cell trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why do more african canadians inherit sickle-cell disease than other canadians? theories

A

1) sickle cell is found where any group of people living where malaria is commone - roots of african canadians trace to malaria prone regions
2) malaria is exceedingly rare in canada so sickle cell allel has had no survival value here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

2 ways to have a genetic disorder

A

inherited or more or fewer than 23 chromosomes in gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cystic fibrosis characteristics

A

excess mucus clogs respiratory and digestive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

huntingtons disease

A

fatal disease characterized by a progresssive degenerations of the nervous system
caused by dominant allele - develops more during middle age
- one of few diseases caused by dominant allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

hemophilia

A

sex-linked disorder in which blood does not clot easily and sufferers can bleed severely with even normal injury - carried on X chromosome - recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

down syndrome

A

genetic disorder is caused by an extra 21st chromosome
results in intellectual disability
almond shaped eyes
smaller head, neck, nose
babies seem to develop normally during first few months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A 
XXY - extra X chromosome
tall
small testes 
sterile
below-normal intelligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

XYY complement

A

tall, somtimes beow-normal intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Turners syndrome

A

X , missing an X
short
limited sex characteristics development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

XXX syndrome

A

extra X
normal stature
delayed motor and language development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

why do no disorders seem to involved completely missing x chromosomes

A

seems to be necessary for life; most involve y or have an extra of some kind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioural and psychological traits

A

behavioural genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

polygeneic inheritance

A

when a characteristic is controlled by more than one gene in interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

other names for identical and fraternal twins

A 
monozygotic = identical 
dizygotic = fraternal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the range of phenotypes that the same genotupe may produce in reaction to the environment during development

A

reaction range

48
Q

____ estimates the extent which differences between people reflect heredity

A

heredity coefficient

49
Q

delibertely seeking environments that fit one’s heredity

A

nich picking

50
Q

the environmental forces that make siblinhs different from one another

A

nonshared environmental influences

51
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg/ egg+sperm

52
Q

prenatal development takes an average of ___ week. this is divided into 3 stages
1.
2.
3.

A

38 weeks

  1. zygote
  2. embryo
  3. fetus
53
Q

when does the period of the zygote end; how long is the zygote period

end of embryo period when? why?

A

when the zygote implants itself into the wall of the uterus ; weeks 1-2

when body structures and internal organs are in place; ends in week 8

54
Q

blastocyst

A

same when zygote resembles a hollow ball and is comprised of about 100 cells

55
Q

implantation

A

whent he blastocyst burrows into iterine mall and connects with mothers blood vessels

56
Q

what triggers the prevention of mensturation during pregnancy

A

implantation

57
Q

germ disc

A

a small cluster of cells near centre of blastocyst that eventually develops ibnto the baby

58
Q

what does the placenta come from

A

the layer of cells closest to the uterus

59
Q

a blastocysts embedded into the uterine wall is called ___

A

an embryo

60
Q

three layers of embryo

A

outer layer: ectoderm - hair, outer skin layers, NS
middle layer: mesoderm - muscles, bones, circula. system
inner layer: endoderm - digestive tract and lungs

61
Q

when a fertilized egg is 2 mm long and resembles a salamander

A

3 weeks after conception

62
Q

can see eye, jaw, arm, leg of ______ embryo

- looks like a baby

A

8 week embryo

63
Q

at 8 weeks after conception the embryo is missing what (notably)

A

sex organs

64
Q

how does the placenta connect to the mothers blood vessels

A

villi projections from umbilical blood vessels

65
Q

period of the ffetus runs from weeks ___ to ___

A

9-38`

66
Q

at what point can a mother feel the baby?

A

at about 4 months post conception

67
Q

vernix

A

thick oily substance covering the kin to protect fetus in amniotic fluid

68
Q

the age of viability

A

at 22-28 weeks most systems function well enought that the baby has a chnace to survive is born

69
Q

can fetuses remember sensory experiences

A

yes if play music at regular intervals, same music, fetus stops responding

70
Q

does a baby remeber events that happened in uterus

A

yes - preferred carrot juice after birth which mothers drank often while pregnant in one study

71
Q

the first trimester contains which development periods

A

zygote and embryo and fetus; weeks 1-12

72
Q

the second trimester contaisn which development period

A

fetus: weeks 13-24

73
Q

the third trimester contains which development period

A

fetus: weeks 25-38

74
Q

most pregnant women need to up caloric intake about ____ %

a women should expect to gain ______ kilograms during pregnancy

A

10-20%

11-16 kilograms

75
Q

spina bifida

A

a disorder where the embryos neural tube does not close properly during first month of pregnancy
- can lead to pernament spinal cord and nervous system damage

76
Q

what can causes spina bifida

A

lack of folic acid, ( one of B vitamins)

77
Q

what happens when a women does no have proper nourishment during pregnancy

A

baby is likely prematurely born and underweight; vulnerable to illness

78
Q

how does stress impact baby during pregnancy

A

earlier birth; underweight; prone to attention and behaviour problems

79
Q

how does a mothers age affect her pregnancy/ baby

A

compared to women in 20s:
teen mother - more problems with pregnancy, labour, delivery
older mothers - past 35, miscarrage and stillbirth rate increases dramatically - and more liable to give birth to babies with down syndrome

80
Q

best time for women ton have babies (biologically)

A

20-35

81
Q

an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

- exmaple and explain

A

teratogen

thalamoide - prescripbed drug to prenant women for morning sickness - resulted in missing extremeties/ limbs

82
Q

disease passed thorugh mother to placenta to directly effect fetus

A

cytomegalovirus (type of herpes), rubella, syphillis, AIDS

83
Q

diseases that attack infant at birth

A

genital herpes, AIDS

84
Q

effect of accutane on baby? alcohol?

A

accutane - abnormalitites of CNS, eyes and ears
alcohol - FASD (develop slowly heart problems, atypical facial feature; small head, short onse, wide eyes), cognitive defects, heart damage

85
Q

effect of aspirin and aceffine on baby

A

aspirin - deficits in intelligence, attention and motor skills
caffeine: low birth weight, decreased muscle tone

86
Q

cocaine nad heroin effect on baby

A

retarded growth, irritability in newborns

87
Q

weed effect on baby

A

lower birth weight; less motor control

88
Q

nicotine effect on baby

A

retarded growth, possible cogntiive impariments

89
Q

what is ARND

A

acohol related neurodevelopmental disorder

- deficits in intelligence , memory, attention

90
Q

impact of teratogens on prenatal development

A
  • impact depends on genotype of organisms ex: thalidomine fine for rats, not for humsn
  • impact changes over course of prenatal development - exposure at different times has different consequences
    3. each teratogen affects a specific aspect of prenatal decelopment
    4. impact depends on dose of teratogen
    5. damage not always evident at birth
91
Q

ultrasound sees baby how

how early can you use one to see fetus

A

using sound waves

- 4-5 weeks after conception

92
Q

when can ultrasounds detect sex of child

A

20 weeks after conception

93
Q

when a genetic disorder is suspected, the next step is _______

A

aminocentesis - analysis of fetal cells
- needle inserted into mothers abdomen to obtain smple of amniotic fluid surrounding fetus - determines genotype of fetus
perofrmace about 16 weels after conception

94
Q

chorionic villus sampling CVS

A

takes same of tissue from chorion (part of placenta) after inserting tube into vagina to obtain sample, and analyses it - miscarriages mroe liekly after CVS
usulaly used to determine if child has downsyndorme

95
Q

the most intense porlonged physical effort that humans experience

A

labour

96
Q

breech presentation

A

when a baby come out feet or bottom first

97
Q

why do some women choose not to have anaesthetisia

A

the mother cannot use ab muscles to push baby out so doctor may have to used mechanical deveices to to pull baby through birth canal which involves small risk; drugs used to minimize pain can affect baby - baby withdrawn or irritable for days or weeks afterwards

98
Q

doula

A

a person familiar with childbirth who is not part of medical staff but instead provides emotional and phsyical support throughout labour and delivery

99
Q

post partum depression

A

10-15 % new mothers experince this
- irritability continued for months after birth and accompanied by feeliongs of low self-worth, disturbed sleep, poor appetit and apathy

100
Q

hypoxia

A

when infants do not receive enough oxygen during birth ca- can lead to disabilities or death

101
Q

prolapsed umbilical cord

A

the umbilical cord preceds birth canal and is squeezewd shut, cutting oxygen to the baby

102
Q

premature babies are born

A

less than 37 weeks after conception

103
Q

small for date babies

A

small for age of weeks they are

104
Q

what is the kangaroo care position

A

infants dressedd only in a diaper are held against an adult’s bare chest in a sling or blanket

105
Q

infant mortamlity

A

the number of infddaants out of 1000 births who die before their first birthday

106
Q

a measure devised by obstetrica anesthesiologist Virgina Apgar , usde to evaluate a newborn baby’s condition

A

apgar score

107
Q

the newborns ability to control body functions such as breathing and temp regulations (apgar score)

A

autonomic part of apgar score

108
Q

the newborns ability to control body movements and activity level (apgar score)

A

moto apgar score

109
Q

the newborn’s abilityu to maintain a state (apgar score)

A

state part of apgar score

110
Q

the newborn’s ability to interact with people (apgar score)

A

the social part of apgar score

111
Q

rooting

A

when a baby;s cheek is stroked it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth

112
Q

moro

A

when a baby throuws its arms out and then inward (like it wants a hug) in response to a loud noise or when its head falls

113
Q

decribe the different types of crying

A

basic cry: starts soft then gradually gets more intense
pain cry: begins with sudden long shriek followed by long pause and gasping crying
mad cry: more intense version of the basic cry

114
Q

how oten do newborns sleep

A

16-18 hours a day - not all at once, lots of naps

115
Q

at what age should infants be sleeping in a crib in their own room

A

6 months

Year 2 Semester 2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions