Development Midterm 1 Flashcards
Who did philosophers Plato and Aristotle believe should bring up children? What did they believe children should be when they grow up?
schools and parents - responsibility to teach self-control that would make kids effective citizens
Believed children grew up with innate knowledge of concrete objects and abstractions - sensory experiences simply trigger present knowledge
Plato
denied innate knowledge, believed knowledge was rooted in perceptual experiences, knowledge was acquired from the senses
Aristotle
What did John Locke believe about human infant knowledge
human infants were a blank slate
what did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe about children’s knowledge, how its acquired?
they have innate sense of justice and morality that naturally unfolds as the child grows; parents should be receptive to children’s needs
For much of history once children no longer needed constant parental care they were considered grown up and entered the world of work. At what age did they say children no longer needed this parental care
5-7
what is baby biographies
detailed systematic observations of individual children
what did James mark Baldwin contribute to psychology
studied psychology early on in its development; performed experiments rather than just observed as others had been doing
the Canadian psychological association is found in
1939
what is applied developmental research
a branch of child-development psychology that uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families
5 major theoretical perspectives in developmental psychology
biological, psychodynamic, learning, cognitive-developmental, contextual
Explain the biological perspective and mention important researches in this perspective
maturation theory: child’s development reflects a plan in the body;
- ethological theory - evolution - behaviors are adaptive for survival; behaviors are inherited
Konrad Lorenz
critical period - rapid learning during specific times;
imprinting
ethological theory and maturation theory are both part of the ____ perspective
biological perspective
explain the psychodynamic perspective and important players in it
FREUD.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
- development comprises a sequence of stages that define a unique crisis of challenge
what theories are part of the psychodynamic perspective
freuds psychodynamic theory
eriksons psychosocial theory
Explain the Learning perspective
infants mind = blank slate (Lockes view)
- classical conditioning - pavlov
- operant conditioning - skinner
imitation/ observational learning
social cognitive theory - banduras experiment - modelling - and self efficacy (experiences gives children beliefs about their own abilities/talents)
the social cognitive theory is by who and belongs to what development perspective
bandura , learning perspective
what is the cognitive-developmental perspective
focuses on who children think and how their thinking changes as they grow
Piaget - theory of cognitive development
stages of cognitive development
explain Piaget’s cognitive development theory and what perspective it belongs to
4 stages children must go through in order
to move on, equilibrium must be disrupted
Sensorimotor (birth-2) knowledge based on senses and motor skills; mental representations by end of period
preoperational (2-7) use symbols to rep aspects of world; but only sees world through their perspective
concrete operational (7-11) logical operations to experiences, provided they are focused on here and now
formal operational ( adolescence-on) think abstractly; hypothetical situations; reasons deductively about what may be possible
explain the contextual perspective and its important ppl
environment and all its components, direct or indirect, influence a child’s life and thus its development
- Vygotsky’s theory of contextual development
- Bronfenbrenner’s theory of ecological systems (round circles with all the elements in ones life)
explain Vygotsky’s theory and what perspective it belongs to
contextual development theory
- emphasizes role of parents and other adults in conveying culture to children / next generation
belongs to contextual perspective
explain Bronfenbrenner’s theory and what perspective it belongs to
emphasizes the interaction of different environmental aspects and their influence - direct or indirect - on a child’s life
what is continuity-versus-discontinuity
the “relatedness” of development : are early aspects very related to later aspects; is development predictable based on early aspects of a persons’ life or behaviour
what is the active-passive child issue
are children at the mercy of their environment (passive child) or do they actively influence their development through their unique individual characteristics (active child)
development in different domains is always
intertwined/ connected
the 6 ethical responsibilities
1) seek research that benefits humanity
2) minimize patient risks
3) describe research to potential participants so they can decide if they would like to participate or not
4) avoid deception if possible
5) keep results confidential or anonymous
6) give debriefing afterwards
how much semen is released into vaginal during ejaculation; how much sperm does this contain
5 mL
200 million - 500 million
how many chromosomes in body
46
what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called
autosomes
how many genes in 46 chromosomes
about 25 000
what percent of genes causes differences between people
fewer than 1%
what example was shown in class for incomplete dominance
sickle cell trait
why do more african canadians inherit sickle-cell disease than other canadians? theories
1) sickle cell is found where any group of people living where malaria is commone - roots of african canadians trace to malaria prone regions
2) malaria is exceedingly rare in canada so sickle cell allel has had no survival value here
2 ways to have a genetic disorder
inherited or more or fewer than 23 chromosomes in gametes
cystic fibrosis characteristics
excess mucus clogs respiratory and digestive tracts
huntingtons disease
fatal disease characterized by a progresssive degenerations of the nervous system
caused by dominant allele - develops more during middle age
- one of few diseases caused by dominant allele
hemophilia
sex-linked disorder in which blood does not clot easily and sufferers can bleed severely with even normal injury - carried on X chromosome - recessive
down syndrome
genetic disorder is caused by an extra 21st chromosome
results in intellectual disability
almond shaped eyes
smaller head, neck, nose
babies seem to develop normally during first few months
Klinefelter’s syndrome
XXY - extra X chromosome tall small testes sterile below-normal intelligence
XYY complement
tall, somtimes beow-normal intelligence
Turners syndrome
X , missing an X
short
limited sex characteristics development
XXX syndrome
extra X
normal stature
delayed motor and language development
why do no disorders seem to involved completely missing x chromosomes
seems to be necessary for life; most involve y or have an extra of some kind
branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioural and psychological traits
behavioural genetics
polygeneic inheritance
when a characteristic is controlled by more than one gene in interactions
other names for identical and fraternal twins
monozygotic = identical dizygotic = fraternal
the range of phenotypes that the same genotupe may produce in reaction to the environment during development
reaction range
____ estimates the extent which differences between people reflect heredity
heredity coefficient
delibertely seeking environments that fit one’s heredity
nich picking
the environmental forces that make siblinhs different from one another
nonshared environmental influences
zygote
fertilized egg/ egg+sperm
prenatal development takes an average of ___ week. this is divided into 3 stages
1.
2.
3.
38 weeks
- zygote
- embryo
- fetus
when does the period of the zygote end; how long is the zygote period
end of embryo period when? why?
when the zygote implants itself into the wall of the uterus ; weeks 1-2
when body structures and internal organs are in place; ends in week 8
blastocyst
same when zygote resembles a hollow ball and is comprised of about 100 cells
implantation
whent he blastocyst burrows into iterine mall and connects with mothers blood vessels
what triggers the prevention of mensturation during pregnancy
implantation
germ disc
a small cluster of cells near centre of blastocyst that eventually develops ibnto the baby
what does the placenta come from
the layer of cells closest to the uterus
a blastocysts embedded into the uterine wall is called ___
an embryo
three layers of embryo
outer layer: ectoderm - hair, outer skin layers, NS
middle layer: mesoderm - muscles, bones, circula. system
inner layer: endoderm - digestive tract and lungs
when a fertilized egg is 2 mm long and resembles a salamander
3 weeks after conception
can see eye, jaw, arm, leg of ______ embryo
- looks like a baby
8 week embryo
at 8 weeks after conception the embryo is missing what (notably)
sex organs
how does the placenta connect to the mothers blood vessels
villi projections from umbilical blood vessels
period of the ffetus runs from weeks ___ to ___
9-38`
at what point can a mother feel the baby?
at about 4 months post conception
vernix
thick oily substance covering the kin to protect fetus in amniotic fluid
the age of viability
at 22-28 weeks most systems function well enought that the baby has a chnace to survive is born
can fetuses remember sensory experiences
yes if play music at regular intervals, same music, fetus stops responding
does a baby remeber events that happened in uterus
yes - preferred carrot juice after birth which mothers drank often while pregnant in one study
the first trimester contains which development periods
zygote and embryo and fetus; weeks 1-12
the second trimester contaisn which development period
fetus: weeks 13-24
the third trimester contains which development period
fetus: weeks 25-38
most pregnant women need to up caloric intake about ____ %
a women should expect to gain ______ kilograms during pregnancy
10-20%
11-16 kilograms
spina bifida
a disorder where the embryos neural tube does not close properly during first month of pregnancy
- can lead to pernament spinal cord and nervous system damage
what can causes spina bifida
lack of folic acid, ( one of B vitamins)
what happens when a women does no have proper nourishment during pregnancy
baby is likely prematurely born and underweight; vulnerable to illness
how does stress impact baby during pregnancy
earlier birth; underweight; prone to attention and behaviour problems
how does a mothers age affect her pregnancy/ baby
compared to women in 20s:
teen mother - more problems with pregnancy, labour, delivery
older mothers - past 35, miscarrage and stillbirth rate increases dramatically - and more liable to give birth to babies with down syndrome
best time for women ton have babies (biologically)
20-35
an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
- exmaple and explain
teratogen
thalamoide - prescripbed drug to prenant women for morning sickness - resulted in missing extremeties/ limbs
disease passed thorugh mother to placenta to directly effect fetus
cytomegalovirus (type of herpes), rubella, syphillis, AIDS
diseases that attack infant at birth
genital herpes, AIDS
effect of accutane on baby? alcohol?
accutane - abnormalitites of CNS, eyes and ears
alcohol - FASD (develop slowly heart problems, atypical facial feature; small head, short onse, wide eyes), cognitive defects, heart damage
effect of aspirin and aceffine on baby
aspirin - deficits in intelligence, attention and motor skills
caffeine: low birth weight, decreased muscle tone
cocaine nad heroin effect on baby
retarded growth, irritability in newborns
weed effect on baby
lower birth weight; less motor control
nicotine effect on baby
retarded growth, possible cogntiive impariments
what is ARND
acohol related neurodevelopmental disorder
- deficits in intelligence , memory, attention
impact of teratogens on prenatal development
- impact depends on genotype of organisms ex: thalidomine fine for rats, not for humsn
- impact changes over course of prenatal development - exposure at different times has different consequences
3. each teratogen affects a specific aspect of prenatal decelopment
4. impact depends on dose of teratogen
5. damage not always evident at birth
ultrasound sees baby how
how early can you use one to see fetus
using sound waves
- 4-5 weeks after conception
when can ultrasounds detect sex of child
20 weeks after conception
when a genetic disorder is suspected, the next step is _______
aminocentesis - analysis of fetal cells
- needle inserted into mothers abdomen to obtain smple of amniotic fluid surrounding fetus - determines genotype of fetus
perofrmace about 16 weels after conception
chorionic villus sampling CVS
takes same of tissue from chorion (part of placenta) after inserting tube into vagina to obtain sample, and analyses it - miscarriages mroe liekly after CVS
usulaly used to determine if child has downsyndorme
the most intense porlonged physical effort that humans experience
labour
breech presentation
when a baby come out feet or bottom first
why do some women choose not to have anaesthetisia
the mother cannot use ab muscles to push baby out so doctor may have to used mechanical deveices to to pull baby through birth canal which involves small risk; drugs used to minimize pain can affect baby - baby withdrawn or irritable for days or weeks afterwards
doula
a person familiar with childbirth who is not part of medical staff but instead provides emotional and phsyical support throughout labour and delivery
post partum depression
10-15 % new mothers experince this
- irritability continued for months after birth and accompanied by feeliongs of low self-worth, disturbed sleep, poor appetit and apathy
hypoxia
when infants do not receive enough oxygen during birth ca- can lead to disabilities or death
prolapsed umbilical cord
the umbilical cord preceds birth canal and is squeezewd shut, cutting oxygen to the baby
premature babies are born
less than 37 weeks after conception
small for date babies
small for age of weeks they are
what is the kangaroo care position
infants dressedd only in a diaper are held against an adult’s bare chest in a sling or blanket
infant mortamlity
the number of infddaants out of 1000 births who die before their first birthday
a measure devised by obstetrica anesthesiologist Virgina Apgar , usde to evaluate a newborn baby’s condition
apgar score
the newborns ability to control body functions such as breathing and temp regulations (apgar score)
autonomic part of apgar score
the newborns ability to control body movements and activity level (apgar score)
moto apgar score
the newborn’s abilityu to maintain a state (apgar score)
state part of apgar score
the newborn’s ability to interact with people (apgar score)
the social part of apgar score
rooting
when a baby;s cheek is stroked it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth
moro
when a baby throuws its arms out and then inward (like it wants a hug) in response to a loud noise or when its head falls
decribe the different types of crying
basic cry: starts soft then gradually gets more intense
pain cry: begins with sudden long shriek followed by long pause and gasping crying
mad cry: more intense version of the basic cry
how oten do newborns sleep
16-18 hours a day - not all at once, lots of naps
at what age should infants be sleeping in a crib in their own room
6 months
