Systemic/Endemic Mycoses

Question 1

what do bipaahsic/dimorphic soil fungi cause?

Answer 1

pulmonary +/- systemic disease

Question 2

what dimorphic fungi are responsible for the systemic (endemic) mycose?

Answer 2

-coccidioides immitus/posadasii
-histoplasma capsulatum
-blastomyces dermatitidis

Question 3

what is the morphology of coccidiodes immitus and posadasii while it is within the host?

Answer 3

spherules

Question 4

what is the morphology of coccidiodes immitus and posadasii within the environment?

Answer 4

arthroconidia

Question 5

how is coccidiodes immitis & posadasii transmitted?

Answer 5

transmission via aerosols
dust storms
not communicable

Question 6

when is coccidiodes immitis & posadasii most prevalent?

Answer 6

after summer monsoons and dust storms

Question 7

In what species is coccidiodes immitis & posadasii most often reported?

Answer 7

dogs (esp. large breeds) and humans

Question 8

what is the pathogenesis of coccidiodes immitis & posadasii?

Answer 8

following inhalation exposure to arthroconidia, coccidiodes forms spherules in lungs -> spherules mature, rupture, and can then disseminate to other tissues and organs

Question 9

what are the clinical presentations of coccidiodes immitis & posadasii?

Answer 9

disseminated disease seen in immunocompromised dogs
skin: grave prognosis

Question 10

how do you diagnose coccidiodes immitis & posadasii?

Answer 10

-history of exposure is critical
-serology
-sputum and bronchoalverolar lavage: spherules on cytologic examination
-periodic acid-schiff
-culture

Question 11

what is the treatment for coccidiodes immitis & posadasii?

Answer 11

triazoles
amphotericin B

Question 12

how do you prevent and control coccidiodes immitis & posadasii?

Answer 12

vaccinate
limit outdoor activities
reduce dust

Question 13

what region is histoplasma capsulatum most prevalent?

Answer 13

Ohio and Mississippi River valleys

Question 14

how is histoplasma capsulatum transmitted?

Answer 14

aeroso transmission +/- ingestion of microcondia

Question 15

where in the environment is histoplasma capsulatum ?

Answer 15

-soil-dwelling fungi
-soil enriched with bird droppings
-bat guano

Question 16

is histoplasma capsulatum zoonotic?

Answer 16

not horizontally or zoonotically transmissible

Question 17

in what type of patient does histoplasma capsulatum cause a more serious disease ?

Answer 17

disseminated disease more common/serious in immunosuppressed animals

Question 18

what is the pathogenesis of histoplasma capsulatum?

Answer 18

Question 19

what is the clinical presentation of histoplasma capsulatum in dogs?

Answer 19

lack of appetite
diarrhea

Question 20

what is the diagnosis for histoplasma capsulatum?

Answer 20

-yeast in histo sections
-isolate and culture
-serology
-PCR

Question 21

what is the treatment for histoplasma capsulatum?

Answer 21

dogs and cats: itraconazole

Question 22

how do you prevent histoplasma capsulatum?

Answer 22

limit exposure

Question 23

In what geographical area does blastomyces dermatidis most common?

Answer 23

Mississippi and ohio

Question 24

In what environment does blastomyces dermatidis reside?

Answer 24

feces-enriched soils

Question 25

what is the morphology of balstomyces dermatidis?

Answer 25

broad-based budding yeast

Question 26

in what breed is blastomyces dermatitis most common?

Answer 26

most often seen in dogs, sporting breeds

Question 27

Is blastomyces dermatidis zoonotic?

Answer 27

nontransmissible from animals to humans or humans to humans

Question 28

what can the hematogenous spread of blastomyces dermatidis result in?

Answer 28

skin, kidney, vertebral/skeletal and male reproductive lesions forming granulomas

Question 29

what is the clinical presentation of blastomyces dermatidis?

Answer 29

-acute and chronic pulmonary disease -disseminated disease: skin lesions

Question 30

how do you diagnose blastomyces dermatidis?

Answer 30

-wet mount smear that may show broad-based yeast -PCR

Question 31

what is the treatment for blastomyces dermatidis?

Answer 31

itraconazole (CNS involvement carries poorest prognosis)