antifungal agents, targets, and resistance

Question 1

treatment with antifungals that are used to treat fungal infections most are __

Answer 1

fungistatic

Question 2

what are the four major classes of antifungals

Answer 2

allylamines
azoles
polyenes
(echinocandins)

Question 3

what class are the chitin synthase inhibitors

Answer 3

nikkomycins

Question 4

what are the three uncategorized antifungals

Answer 4

griseofulvin
flucytosine
iodides

Question 5

what is the mechanism of action for allyamines?

Answer 5

-inhibits squalene epoxidase
-block ergosterol synthesis

Question 6

what are the potential side effects of allyamines?

Answer 6

GI +/- skin disease

Question 7

what are the two members/examples of allyamines

Answer 7

naftitine
terbinafine

Question 8

what is the route of application of naftitine

Answer 8

topical

Question 9

what is the route of application of terbinafine

Answer 9

topical or systemic

Question 10

are allylamines broad or narrow spectrum antifungals

Answer 10

broad spectrum

Question 11

what allows terbinafine to concentrate in dermis/epidermis, adipose tissue, hair and nails

Answer 11

lipophilic properties

Question 12

what are the two groups of azoles that have fungistatic compounds

Answer 12

imidazoles
triazoles

Question 13

are imidazole and triazoles broad or narrow spectrum

Answer 13

broad spectrum

Question 14

what is the mechanism of action for azoles?

Answer 14

-inhibit sterol 14-a demethylase
-block ergosterol synthesis

Question 15

what is contraindication for azoles

Answer 15

in pregnant animals because antifungal has teratogenic potential

Question 16

ketoconazole and miconazole are apart of what azole group

Answer 16

imidazoles

Question 17

fluconazole and itraconazole are apart of what azole group

Answer 17

triazoles

Question 18

what are the potential side effects of azoles?

Answer 18

steroid alterations

Question 19

what is the mechanism of action of polyenes?

Answer 19

binds ergosterol

Question 20

what is the route of infection for polyenes

Answer 20

systemic

Question 21

are polyenes broad or narrow spectrum

Answer 21

broad

Question 22

what are the potential side effects of polyenes?

Answer 22

nephrotoxicity

Question 23

are nikkimycins broad or narrow spectrum?

Answer 23

narrow

Question 24

what is the mechanism of action for griseofulvin?

Answer 24

block microtubules formation

Question 25

what is the route of application for griseofulvin?

Answer 25

systemic

Question 26

are griseofulvin broad or narrow spectrum?

Answer 26

broad

Question 27

what are the potential side effects of griseofulvin?

Answer 27

teratogenic

Question 28

what is the mechanism of action fluorinated pyrimidines?

Answer 28

RNA miscoding

Question 29

what is the route of application for fluorinated pyrimidines?

Answer 29

systemic

Question 30

is fluorinated pyrimidines broad or narrow spectrum

Answer 30

narrow

Question 31

what are the potential side effects of fluorinated pyrimidines?

Answer 31

liver/hematology

Question 32

what is the mechanism of action for iodides

Answer 32

block fungal metabolism

Question 33

what is the route of application for iodides

Answer 33

systemic

Question 34

are iodides broad or narrow spectrum

Answer 34

narrow

Question 35

what are the potential side effects of iodides?

Answer 35

iodism

Question 36

how should sodium iodide be administered?

Answer 36

IV

Question 37

how should potassium iodide be administered?

Answer 37

oral (NEVER IV)

Question 38

what are nikkomycins effect against?

Answer 38

cryptococcus and other dimorphic fungi

Question 39

what is an example of a polyenes?

Answer 39

amphotericin B

Question 40

What antifungal binds to sterols like ergosterol, though may also bind sterols present in the cell membranes of the renal tubules, leading to nephrotoxicity?

Answer 40

amphoteracin B

Question 41

What is the mechanism of action of allylamine antifungals like Terbinafine?

Answer 41

Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis via binding squalene epoxidase

Question 42

Flucytosine is able to affect protein synthesis through its action as a:

Answer 42

Pyrimidine analog drug

Question 43

what are the factors that influence a successful antifungals therapy outcome

Answer 43

Question 44

what factors might result in a failure of antifungal therapy?

Answer 44