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MABS Neuroscience > Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction and CNS > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction and CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the effect of the inotropic Ach (Beta 1) receptor?

A

muscle contraction of the heart

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2
Q

what is the effect of the metabotropic (M2) receptor?

A

decrease in heart rate via G protein complex via vagus nerve

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3
Q

how is synaptic communication varied in the brain?

A

Use of different neuronal transmitters
Presence of several different type of receptors
Activation of different down-stream pathways via these receptors
Difference in time courses of synaptic interaction

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4
Q

most presynaptic terminals arise from?

A

axons, they can form synapses on any part of a neuron

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5
Q

what is significant to note about the contact sites formed by the neurons?

A 
The contact site 
determines the way 
in which 
the synapse 
is named: 
axodendritic, 
axosomatic, 
axoaxonic
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6
Q

in the CNS, in more than 90% of all excitatory synapses, the postsynaptic site is a _____?

A

dendritic spine

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7
Q

what do the dendritic spines contain?

A

transmitter receptors, structural proteins, and proteins for endocytosis and glycolysis, these help with plasticity of the brain and how we remember things

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8
Q

what are the functions of the dendritic spines (?

A

increase the opportunity for a dendrite to form synapses, and also isolate (electrically or chemically) individual synapses from the rest of the cell.

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9
Q

the dendritic spines are generally associated with these medical conditions?

A

ADHD (pruning of dendritic spines) and schizophrenia (too much dendritic spine)

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10
Q

what is the effect of having too little dendritic spines?

A

delayed neuro cognitive growth

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11
Q

what are modulatory systems?

A

several systems of neurons that regulate the general excitability of the CNS

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12
Q

T/F, modulatory systems use the same neurotransmitter?

A

F, they use different neurotransmitters

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13
Q

what is consciousness dependent on?

A

1) An Intact Ascending Reticular Activating System

2) Direct Afferent Systems (raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, parabrachialis)

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14
Q

what are the widespread projection systems in the nervous system that we studied in class?

A 
reticular formation
intralaminar nuclei
mideline thalamic nuclei
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
histamine
acetylcholine
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15
Q

what are the pathways of dopamine, name the three?

A

mesostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical;
for all three, it starts from the midbrain and then it diverges to the striatum, limbic structures and then the prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

what is significant about the target regions of dopamine?

A

These are the regions that mediate reinforcement or reward, and involved in psychiatric disorders

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17
Q

where does the nigrostriatal system project?

A

it projects from the substantial nigra to the caudate nucleus and putamen

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18
Q

where does the mesolimbic system project?

A

it projects from ventral tegmental area to the limbic system (including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus)

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19
Q

where does the mesocortical system project?

A

it projects from the ventral tegmental area to the cortex

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20
Q

what type of receptors are dopamine receptors?

A

metabotropic

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21
Q

how many families of dopamine receptors are there?

A

two families

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22
Q

what are the two families of receptors?

A

D1-like receptors are postsynaptic, whereas D2-like receptors are pre- and postsynaptic

23
Q

what is the locus coeruleus? what nt is this the target site for?

A

cells believed to be involved in the regulation of attention, arousal, and sleep-wake cycles, also in learning and memory, anxiety, pain, mood, and brain metabolism ; norepinephrine

24
Q

what side are the D2 receptors on in terms of noradrenergic projection systems?

A

the presynaptic side and usually inhibitory by inhibiting release of dopamine from presynaptic site

25
Q

what are the raphe nuclei? what nt is this the target site for?

A

be involved in the control of sleep-wake cycles, and also in the different stages of sleep; serotonin

26
Q

the control of mood and certain types of emotional behavior is associated with these neurons?

A

serotonergic raphe neurons

27
Q

what are small neurotransmitters?

A

amino acids: glutamic acid, GABA, glycine
monoamines: acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine
catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine: epinephrine
purine derivatives: ATP

28
Q

the adrenal medulla is part of the nervous system, T/F?

A

true, which is why it acts as a sympathetic ganglion

29
Q

where is epinephrine made?

A

in the adrenal medulla

30
Q

norepinephrine or epinephrine is a neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine, released from an innervated area but epinephrine is a hormone because it is made in the adrenal medulla circulates the epinephrine

31
Q

*what enzyme is only found in the adrenal medulla? what is this enzyme responsible for producing?

A

phenylethanolamine-N-methytransferase (PNMT); epinephrine

32
Q

neurons can or cannot make epinephrine?

A

cannot, b/c they lack the enzyme PNMT to make it

33
Q

You are studying a class of neurons and discover that these neurons release serotonin into the synaptic cleft. You are wondering what type of enzyme that these cells might be using primarily to produce serotonin from tryptophan, and also where in the body these neurons are mostly located?

Tryptophan hydroxylase; locus coeruleus

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase; adrenal medulla

Dopamine--hydroxylase; adrenal medulla

Tryptophan hydroxylase; raphe nuclei.

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase; raphe nuclei.

34
Q

The rate limiting step for the synthesis of serotonin is

Tryptophan hydroxylase.
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
Dopamine -hydroxylase
Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase.

35
Q

what are large molecule transmitters? name an example?

A

proteins or neuroactive peptides; endorphins

36
Q

what are endorphins?

A

neuroactive peptides that include small peptides called enkephalins, help with managing pain

37
Q

how are endorphins stored and released?

A

they can be released by themselves or colocalized

38
Q

what are the amino acids that the brain uses for fast excitatory synapses? what is the synapse called? what are the channels that these amino acids bind too? so what type of potential is generated?

A

glutamate or aspartate; glutamatergic synapses; ligand gated cation channels; excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), similar but smaller that the EPSP in muscle produced by ACh

39
Q

what are the inhibitory synapses?

A

The inhibitory transmitters GABA and glycine bind to receptors that gate Cl- -selective channels

40
Q

what are modulatory synapses?

A

neuromodulator + membrane receptor + G-protein&raquo_space; intracellular signal cascade

Not just 1:1 ratio between the neurons, it could be 1:1000; but what happens is that at the final neuron it puts all the plus and minus neurons together and responds according to the sum.

41
Q

the EPSPs in the brain are mediated by what type of channels?

A

glutamate gated channels

42
Q

what are the four major classes of receptors that glutamate can act on?

A

one is a G-protein coupled or metabotropic receptor, and the others are ion channels or ionotropic receptors

43
Q

what are metabotropic receptors?

A

these have seven membrane-spanning segments and are linked to heterotrimeric G proteins

44
Q

name the inotropic glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA
NMDA
Kainate

45
Q

what are the ionotropic receptors AMPA, NMDA and Kainate permeable to?

A

Ionotropic receptors Permeable to:
AMPA —————————-Na+, K+, (Ca2+ rarely)&raquo_space; fast excitation
NMDA ————————— Na+, K+, Ca2+
Kainate ————————— Na+, K+

46
Q

NMDA receptors are coincidence detectors; that is, in order for Ca2+ to enter through NMDA receptor channels, two conditions must be met simultaneously at the postsynaptic membrane. These conditions are:
glutamate binding to the NMDA receptor and anion flux through AMPA receptor channels

glutamate binding to the NMDA receptor and depolarization of the cell membrane

glutamate binding to the NMDA receptor and removal of the Mg2+ block from the NMDA receptor.

depolarization of the cell membrane and inactivation of AMPA receptors

A

glutamate binding to the NMDA receptor and removal of the Mg2+ block from the NMDA receptor.

47
Q

what are the two major synaptic inhibitors in the CNS?

A

GABA and Glycine

48
Q

what type of receptors are the GABA and Glycine receptors?

A

ionotropic receptors *(Cl- selective)

49
Q

describe the GABA receptor?

A

is a G-protein coupled metabotropic receptor (linked to either the opening of K+ (causing hyperpolarization) or suppression of Ca2+ channels(cannot enter)).

50
Q

T/F, GABA receptor has other binding sites for different chemicals? inhibition is highly controlled?

A

T; T, depresses system if unregulated because no communication, affecting respiration

51
Q

what are the natural modulators of the GABA receptor?

A

the metabolites of progesterone, corticosterone, and testosterone

52
Q

what are the two nt’s talked in class that can also bind to specific sites on the GABA receptor channel? which one is more dangerous?

A

benzodiazepines (diazepam) and barbiturates (phenobarbital); barbiturates are more dangerous, increase risk of becoming comatose

53
Q

what do benzodiazepines do?

A

increase the frequency, Benzodiazepines can also increase the Cl- conductance of the GABAA receptor.

54
Q

what do barbiturates do?

A

increase the duration of channel opening.

MABS Neuroscience (49 decks)

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