Neurocognitive Disorders

Question 1

hallucnations, seizures, loss of motor control, inability to enter a deep
sleep

Answer 1

Fatal familial insomnia

Question 2

Abnormalities in delta sleep

Answer 2

depression

Question 3

lesion on the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) in the hypothalamus

Answer 3

insomnia

Question 4

inability to sleep

Depression – REM latency shortened

Answer 4

Insomnia

Question 5

interrupted breathing during sleep (from airway collapsing)

Patient awake frequently and never descends into stage III or IV sleep

Answer 5

Sleep apnea

Question 6

unpleasant prickling or tingling sensations in one of both legs and feet
with urge to move them about to obtain relief

Answer 6

Restless leg syndrome

Question 7

frequent “REM sleep attacks” without going through non-REM sleep

Answer 7

Narcolepsy

Question 8

infarct of MCA superior division à decreased frequency of spontaneous speech
• Lacking prosody (melodious intonation for meaning of sentence)
• Impaired repetition, comprehension is intact (leads to frustration and depression)
• Right hemiparesis – face and arm

Answer 8

Broca’s aphasia

Question 9

infarct of MCA inferior division à impaired comprehension
• Normal fluency, prosody, grammatical structure – impaired repetition
• Empty, meaningless, nonsensical paraphasic errors
• Contralateral visual field cut (right upper quadrant)
• Unaware of their deficit

Answer 9

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 10

due to vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

• Chronic alcoholism may not have a well-balanced diet
• Capillary proliferation, hemorrhage, necrosis, and hemosiderin deposition found in mammillary
bodies and periaqueductal gray matter à paralysis of extraocular muscles

Memory problems with confabulation, what is the diagnosis now?

Answer 10

Wernicke disease; Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome

Question 11

retrograde memory loss, inability to form new memories, tendency for
confabulation (exaggerating) to compensate for losses

Answer 11

Korsakoff’s Psychosis

Question 12

damage to this nucleus leads to Korsakoff’s Psychosis?

Answer 12

dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus (involved in memory formation)

Question 13

impairments in reading

Answer 13

Alexia

Question 14

impairments in writing

Answer 14

Agraphia

Question 15

loss of sense of smell à can result from head injury, chronic nasal infxn, or tumor growing at inferior surface of frontal lobes

Answer 15

Anosmia

Question 16

result of temporal lobe seizures à often part of “aura” that precedes seizure

Answer 16

Olfactory hallucinations

Question 17

Damage to cortex of one hemisphere does not cause hearing loss, T/F?

Answer 17

T, but does cause problems w/ sound localization

Question 18

with age, lens becomes stiffer and less able to round and accommodate

Answer 18

Presbyopia

Question 19

results from uneven curvature of refractive surfaces of eyes à point source of light can’t be brought to precise focus
on retina à diffuse focusing causes blurring of image

Answer 19

Astigmatism

Question 20

Eye too long

focus point anterior to retina à give concave lens

Answer 20

(myopia-nearsighted)

Question 21

Eye too short

focus point posterior to retina à give convex lens

Answer 21

(hyperopia-farsighted)

Question 22

Miosis with pupil that is slow to dilate, mild ptosis, ipsilateral anhidrosis

Apparent enophthalmos: affected eye appears to be sunken

Answer 22

Horner Syndrome

Question 23

caused by neurosyphilis

Pupil is small and constricts poorly to direct light

Pupil will briskly constrict when a target is within reading distance is viewed = light-near dissociation

Pupil will accommodate but it will not react» eye moves down but the pupil does not constrict

Answer 23

Argyll Robertson Pupil (Prostitute’s Pupil)

Question 24

Neurodisorder affecting pupil of eye and the ANS

• Clinical manifestations: one eye with a pupil larger than normal that constricts slowly in bright light; absence of DTRs- usually Achilles

• Results from neurotrophic viral infections that cause inflammation and damage to neurons in ciliary ganglion and dorsal root
ganglion

• Will begin gradually in one eye and progress to involve the other- similar onset will occur with loss of DTR

Answer 24

Holmes-Adie Syndrome

Question 25

Segmental anhidrosis or hypohidrosis along with symptoms of Adie’s syndrome (loss of DTR and Adie’s pupil)

Cranial post-ganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic dysfunction in association with widespread autonomic failure

Answer 25

Ross Syndrome