Neurocognitive Disorders Flashcards
hallucnations, seizures, loss of motor control, inability to enter a deep
sleep
Fatal familial insomnia
Abnormalities in delta sleep
depression
lesion on the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) in the hypothalamus
insomnia
inability to sleep
Depression – REM latency shortened
Insomnia
interrupted breathing during sleep (from airway collapsing)
Patient awake frequently and never descends into stage III or IV sleep
Sleep apnea
unpleasant prickling or tingling sensations in one of both legs and feet
with urge to move them about to obtain relief
Restless leg syndrome
frequent “REM sleep attacks” without going through non-REM sleep
Narcolepsy
infarct of MCA superior division à decreased frequency of spontaneous speech
• Lacking prosody (melodious intonation for meaning of sentence)
• Impaired repetition, comprehension is intact (leads to frustration and depression)
• Right hemiparesis – face and arm
Broca’s aphasia
infarct of MCA inferior division à impaired comprehension
• Normal fluency, prosody, grammatical structure – impaired repetition
• Empty, meaningless, nonsensical paraphasic errors
• Contralateral visual field cut (right upper quadrant)
• Unaware of their deficit
Wernicke’s aphasia
due to vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency
• Chronic alcoholism may not have a well-balanced diet
• Capillary proliferation, hemorrhage, necrosis, and hemosiderin deposition found in mammillary
bodies and periaqueductal gray matter à paralysis of extraocular muscles
Memory problems with confabulation, what is the diagnosis now?
Wernicke disease; Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome
retrograde memory loss, inability to form new memories, tendency for
confabulation (exaggerating) to compensate for losses
Korsakoff’s Psychosis
damage to this nucleus leads to Korsakoff’s Psychosis?
dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus (involved in memory formation)
impairments in reading
Alexia
impairments in writing
Agraphia
loss of sense of smell à can result from head injury, chronic nasal infxn, or tumor growing at inferior surface of frontal lobes
Anosmia
result of temporal lobe seizures à often part of “aura” that precedes seizure
Olfactory hallucinations
Damage to cortex of one hemisphere does not cause hearing loss, T/F?
T, but does cause problems w/ sound localization
with age, lens becomes stiffer and less able to round and accommodate
Presbyopia
results from uneven curvature of refractive surfaces of eyes à point source of light can’t be brought to precise focus
on retina à diffuse focusing causes blurring of image
Astigmatism
Eye too long
focus point anterior to retina à give concave lens
(myopia-nearsighted)
Eye too short
focus point posterior to retina à give convex lens
(hyperopia-farsighted)
Miosis with pupil that is slow to dilate, mild ptosis, ipsilateral anhidrosis
Apparent enophthalmos: affected eye appears to be sunken
Horner Syndrome
caused by neurosyphilis
Pupil is small and constricts poorly to direct light
Pupil will briskly constrict when a target is within reading distance is viewed = light-near dissociation
Pupil will accommodate but it will not react» eye moves down but the pupil does not constrict
Argyll Robertson Pupil (Prostitute’s Pupil)
Neurodisorder affecting pupil of eye and the ANS
• Clinical manifestations: one eye with a pupil larger than normal that constricts slowly in bright light; absence of DTRs- usually Achilles
• Results from neurotrophic viral infections that cause inflammation and damage to neurons in ciliary ganglion and dorsal root
ganglion
• Will begin gradually in one eye and progress to involve the other- similar onset will occur with loss of DTR
Holmes-Adie Syndrome
