Sleep & Arousal

Question 1

this is defined by the normal suspension of consciousness and specific brain wave criteria?

Answer 1

sleep

Question 2

what is sleep?

Answer 2

this is defined by the normal suspension of consciousness and specific brain wave criteria

Question 3

getting too little sleep creates this kind of debt?

Answer 3

sleep debt which must be paid back

Question 4

sleep helps to replenish this? what hormone is active when we sleep and when we are active?

Answer 4

brain glycogen; GH; cortisol

Question 5

this medical condition is characterized by hallucinations, seizures, loss of motor control, and the inability to enter a state of deep sleep—patients die within several years of onset?

Answer 5

Genetic disease “fatal familial insomnia”

Question 6

what is the effect of lack of sleep?

Answer 6

lack of sleep leads to impaired memory and reduced cognitive abilities and, if the deprivation persists, mood swings and often hallucinations

Question 7

so there are photoreceptors that sense light changes and are located within the ganglion cell layer of the retina, what are these photoreceptors called? What nerve is responsible for retinal output? the tract that mediates sensory processing of the light changes?

Answer 7

melanopsin; CN II; the retinohypothalamic tract projecting to the SCN of the anterior hypothalamus

Question 8

these brain waves occur during quiet resting states of cerebration, they disappear when there is a specific mental activity (opening of the eyes, intense mental concentration or stress) or during sleep?

Answer 8

alpha waves

Question 9

these brain waves occur during intense mental activity or stress?

Answer 9

beta waves

Question 10

these brain waves occur during emotional stress in adults particularly in response to disappointment or frustration?

Answer 10

theta waves

Question 11

these brain waves occur during deep sleep; thought to be activity of the cortex independent of signals from lower brain areas?

Answer 11

Delta waves

Question 12

what stages of sleep do people with sleep apnea level off at?

Answer 12

stages 1-2

Patients awake frequently and never descend into stages III or IV sleep

Question 13

the typical 8 hours of sleep is comprised of several cycles of alternating between these two types of sleep?

Answer 13

non-REM and REM

Question 14

T/F, REM sleep decreases by _____?

Answer 14

age

Question 15

what is REM sleep characterized by?

Answer 15

dreaming

Question 16

T/F, Since most muscles are inactive during REM sleep, the motor responses to dreams are relatively minor?

Answer 16

T

Question 17

what is the physical paralysis during REM sleep due to?

Answer 17

activity of GABAergic neurons in the pontine reticular formation

Question 18

what is non-REM sleep?

Answer 18

Slow, rolling eye movements

Decreases in muscle tone, heart rate, breathing, blood pressure

Decrease in metabolic rate, body temperature

Question 19

what type of sleep is common in individuals with depression?

Answer 19

delta sleep, or deep sleep which begins in stage 3 which make 50% of the EEG once in the stage 4

This disturbance in delta sleep may not allow a depressed individual ample opportunity to physically restore the body

Question 20

whom is REM latency common in?

Answer 20

patients with depression

Question 21

what is REM latency?

Answer 21

the elapsed time between onset of sleep and the first REM sleep.

Question 22

what NTs are involved in the decreased sensation and muscle paralysis of the REM sleep?

Answer 22

GABA for the medulla(diminished response to somatic sensory stimuli) and Glycine for the spinal cord (inhibition of lower motor neurons resulting in paralysis)

Question 23

describe the eye movements of REM sleep?

Answer 23

saccade-like eye movements due to endogenously generated signals from the pontine reticular formation are transmitted to the motor region of the superior colliculus

Question 24

how do the EEG waves of REM sleep travel, where do they originate, propagate and end up?

Answer 24

originate in the pontine reticular formation and propagate through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the occipital cortex

Question 25

what structure is activated during REM sleep?

Answer 25

anterior cingulate cortex

related to emotions and memory formation during REM

Question 26

what hypothalamic nuclei is involved in sleep? what happens when there is a lesion in this structure?

Answer 26

VLPO; insomnia

Question 27

during nonREM sleep, these neurons inhibit these neurons?

Answer 27

During nonREM sleep, GABAergic neurons inhibit histaminergic neurons. This removes histaminergic activation from the forebrain and from brainstem cholinergic neurons.

Question 28

what is the effect of REM on cells?

Answer 28

activate cholinergic inputs to the thalamus, inhibit tonic muscle activity, activate phasic eye movements

Question 29

this serves as the relay center used to separate the brain from everything else, all sensory information must go through this structure?

Answer 29

thalamus

Question 30

what is insomnia? what can cause this

Answer 30

is the inability to sleep for a sufficient length of time

Stress, jet lag, too much caffeine

Depression: impaired balance between modulatory systems that control the sleep cycles

Question 31

what is sleep apnea? what can result?

Answer 31

is a pattern of interrupted breathing during sleep

The airway collapses during breathing, and blocks the airway

Question 32

what is restless leg syndrome? what type of treatment can provide relief?

Answer 32

represents with unpleasant prickling, or tingling sensations in one or both legs and feet, and an urge to move them about to obtain relief

benzos

Question 33

what is narcolepsy?

Answer 33

, represents with frequent “REM sleep attacks” (lasting 30 sec to 30 min) during the day

They enter REM sleep from wakefulness without going through non-REM sleep