Sleep & Arousal Flashcards
this is defined by the normal suspension of consciousness and specific brain wave criteria?
sleep
what is sleep?
this is defined by the normal suspension of consciousness and specific brain wave criteria
getting too little sleep creates this kind of debt?
sleep debt which must be paid back
sleep helps to replenish this? what hormone is active when we sleep and when we are active?
brain glycogen; GH; cortisol
this medical condition is characterized by hallucinations, seizures, loss of motor control, and the inability to enter a state of deep sleep—patients die within several years of onset?
Genetic disease “fatal familial insomnia”
what is the effect of lack of sleep?
lack of sleep leads to impaired memory and reduced cognitive abilities and, if the deprivation persists, mood swings and often hallucinations
so there are photoreceptors that sense light changes and are located within the ganglion cell layer of the retina, what are these photoreceptors called? What nerve is responsible for retinal output? the tract that mediates sensory processing of the light changes?
melanopsin; CN II; the retinohypothalamic tract projecting to the SCN of the anterior hypothalamus
these brain waves occur during quiet resting states of cerebration, they disappear when there is a specific mental activity (opening of the eyes, intense mental concentration or stress) or during sleep?
alpha waves
these brain waves occur during intense mental activity or stress?
beta waves
these brain waves occur during emotional stress in adults particularly in response to disappointment or frustration?
theta waves
these brain waves occur during deep sleep; thought to be activity of the cortex independent of signals from lower brain areas?
Delta waves
what stages of sleep do people with sleep apnea level off at?
stages 1-2
Patients awake frequently and never descend into stages III or IV sleep
the typical 8 hours of sleep is comprised of several cycles of alternating between these two types of sleep?
non-REM and REM
T/F, REM sleep decreases by _____?
age
what is REM sleep characterized by?
dreaming
T/F, Since most muscles are inactive during REM sleep, the motor responses to dreams are relatively minor?
T
what is the physical paralysis during REM sleep due to?
activity of GABAergic neurons in the pontine reticular formation
what is non-REM sleep?
Slow, rolling eye movements
Decreases in muscle tone, heart rate, breathing, blood pressure
Decrease in metabolic rate, body temperature
what type of sleep is common in individuals with depression?
delta sleep, or deep sleep which begins in stage 3 which make 50% of the EEG once in the stage 4
This disturbance in delta sleep may not allow a depressed individual ample opportunity to physically restore the body
whom is REM latency common in?
patients with depression
what is REM latency?
the elapsed time between onset of sleep and the first REM sleep.
what NTs are involved in the decreased sensation and muscle paralysis of the REM sleep?
GABA for the medulla(diminished response to somatic sensory stimuli) and Glycine for the spinal cord (inhibition of lower motor neurons resulting in paralysis)
describe the eye movements of REM sleep?
saccade-like eye movements due to endogenously generated signals from the pontine reticular formation are transmitted to the motor region of the superior colliculus
how do the EEG waves of REM sleep travel, where do they originate, propagate and end up?
originate in the pontine reticular formation and propagate through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the occipital cortex
