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MABS Neuroscience > Organization of the nervous system > Flashcards

Organization of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

how is the nervous system organized?

A

peripheral and central nervous system

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2
Q

where is the central nervous system located?

A

the cranium and the vertebral canal

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3
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

connects the CNS to peripheral “targets” such as muscle (smooth, skeletal, and cardiac) and glands, as well as to sensory endings. Anything outside the duramater

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4
Q

since we know the CNS consists of white and gray matter, what part of the brain is the gray matter?

A

cerebral cortex

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5
Q

what is the grey matter?

A

the cell bodies of the neuron

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6
Q

what is the white matter?

A

the axon of the neuron

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7
Q

what protects the CNS?

A

a bony encasement that is consisted of the following:

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
sphenoid
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8
Q

spinal cord has both efferent and afferent sections, T/F?

A

T

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9
Q

how is the vertebral canal formed?

A

form the vertebral foramina when staked together forming the vertebral column

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10
Q

what are the three meninges that cover the brain?

A

dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

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11
Q

which of the layers is the thickest?

A

dura mater

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12
Q

what is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

arachnoid mater

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13
Q

what is the inner most layer of the meninges?

A

pia mater, tightly attached to the brain tissue

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14
Q

what is the thin layer of material between the scalp and bone of the brain?

A

the galea aponeurotica

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15
Q

what is the galea aponeurotica?

A

protects the brain against bacteria and disease

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16
Q

how many types of dura mater is there?

A

two types: dura mater (periosteal layer) attached to boneand the dura mater attached to arachnoid mater (meningeal layer)

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17
Q

between epidural subdural bleeding, which one happens faster?

A

the epidural, above the dura mater, will happen because hydrostatic pressure is higher

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18
Q

what is the emissary vein?

A

connect intracranial vessels with veins in the scalp.

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19
Q

what is important to note when the emissary vein is cut?

A

Infections of the scalp can pass into the cranium by way of emissary veins. This is the basis of the “danger zone” of the scalp.

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20
Q

what are the three meningeal layers wrapping the spinal cord?

A

the same as those that wrap the brain

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

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21
Q

is the spinal dura attached to the bone?

A

no

22
Q

is the cranial dura attached to the bone?

A

yes

23
Q

what is the space between the vertebral bone and the underlying spinal dura called?

A

the epidural space

24
Q

what else can we find in the epidural space?

A

fat and venous plexus

25
Q

dorsal(posterior) root enter the spinal cord as?

A

sensory fibers

26
Q

ventral(anterior) root leave the spinal cord

A

motor fibers

27
Q

what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus

28
Q

what separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?

A

lateral sulcus

29
Q

learning how to play an instrument is controlled by what lobe?

A

frontal lobe

30
Q

what four lobes is the cerebrum divided into?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

31
Q

what produces the CSF?

A

the choroid plexus located in the brain ventricles

32
Q

what fluid fills the ventricles?

A

CSF

33
Q

the left and right lateral ventricles each have three horns, what are they?

A

anterior (frontal), posterior (occipital), and inferior (temporal)

34
Q

is the third ventricle midline? what is it connected too?

A

yes; lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen of monro

35
Q

is the fourth ventricle midline? what is it connected too?

A

yes; the third ventricle by way of the cerebral aqueduct and to the central canal of the spinal cord

36
Q

how does CSF exit the ventricle?

A

by way of the lateral appertures (of Luschka) and by a midline apperture (of Magendie)

37
Q

head, face, body sensory input passes through which structure?

A

thalamus

38
Q

what structures (arteries) are responsible for the blood supply to the brain?

A

internal carotid and vertebral artery

39
Q

what are the four named divisions of the internal carotid artery?

A

cervical, petrous, cavernous, cerebral

40
Q

what is the main route of venous drainage from the brain?

A

the internal jugular vein

41
Q

what is the purpose of the vertebra vein?

A

Though a vertebral vein runs along with the vertebral artery in the transverse foraminae, the vein provides only an accessory route of drainage for the brain.

42
Q

what are other accessory routes of venous drainage?

A

include emissary veins, superior ophthalmic vein, and pterygoid plexus.

43
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A

a product primarily of tight junctions between endothelial cells lining brain capillaries.

44
Q

what does the blood brain barrier do?

A

prevents hydrophilic molecules from moving freely between the lumen of the blood vessel and brain tissue.

Molecules in the blood that are required by neurons must be selectively transported across the blood-brain barrier.

45
Q

where is the blood CSF barrier present?

A

in the choroid plexus.

46
Q

what does the blood brain barrier prevent as indicated by the staining?

A

prevents substances (the blue dye) from moving out of brain capillaries and into brain tissue.

The blood-brain barrier will also prevent medications from entering the brain from the blood.

When dye is injected into CSF (panel b) the superficial regions of the brain (adjacent to ventricles) become stained. This is because ependymal cells allow stain to move from the CSF into the adjacent brain tissue.

47
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

approximately segment L2

48
Q

where do the sacral nerve roots extend from?

A

from L2 to their respective exit point. The bundle of roots is the “cauda equina” –horse tail

49
Q

where does the spinal cord exhibit the two areas of enlargement?

A

cervical and lumbar, these enlargements correspond to the cord levels that supply the limbs

50
Q

During fetal development, the vertebral column elongates to a greater extent than the spinal cord. As a result, in the adult, the spinal cord reaches only to _____?

A

vertebral level L2

51
Q

where can needles be inserted inorder to collect CSF?

A

Needles can be inserted below L2 into the subarachnoid space to collect CSF. The spinal cord will not be damaged. (The long roots of the cauda equina will slide away from the needle tip.)

52
Q

name three purposes for the lumbar puncture?

A

collect CSF from the subarachnoid space

introduce spinal anesthesia

introduce epidural anesthesia

MABS Neuroscience (49 decks)

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