Higher Cortical Function

Question 1

this lobe Makes up 1/3 of all cerebral cortex and includes:

Primary motor, Premotor, Frontal eye
Field, Supplementary motor, Prefrontal, &
Broca’s area

one notable structure is the motor homunculus?

Answer 1

frontal lobe

Question 2

structure contained within Broadmen Area 4?

Answer 2

primary motor cortex

Question 3

structure contained within Broadmen Area 6?

Answer 3

premotor cortex

Question 4

structure contained within inferior part of Broadmen Area 8?

Answer 4

frontal eye field

Question 5

structure contained within Parts of Broadmen Areas 6 and 8

Answer 5

supplementary motor area

Question 6

structure contained within Broadmen Area 9,10,11,12,32,46,47

Answer 6

prefrontal cortex

Question 7

structure contained within Broadmen Areas 44 and 45

Answer 7

broca’s area

Question 8

what is the effect of a lesion on the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe?

Answer 8

Lesions cause loss of initiative, careless dress, loss of sense of acceptable social behavior

lobotomy once used to treat this

affiliated with Phineas Gage

Question 9

what is a lobotomy?

Answer 9

surgical severence of nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobes to the thalamus for relief of some mental disorders

Question 10

the is lobe makes up 1/5 of the total cortex and includes: Primary and secondary somatosensory, Gustatory, Association

noted for its sensory homunculus (exhibits somatotopic organization)?

Answer 10

parietal lobe

Question 11

structure contained within Broadmen Areas 3,1,2?

Answer 11

primary somatosensory area

Question 12

structure contained within Broadmen Areas 43?

Answer 12

primary gustatory cortex

Question 13

structure contained within Broadmen Areas 5,7,39,40?

Answer 13

parietal association cortex

Question 14

this medical condition, afflicting the parietal lobe, is due to loss of the ability to
recognize the shapes of the objects by
handling them?

Answer 14

astereognosis

Question 15

this condition is due to:

Failure to recognize side of body contralateral to injury
May not bathe contralateral side of body or shave contralateral side of face
Deny own limbs
Objects in contralateral visual field ignored

Answer 15

parietal neglect syndrome

Question 16

this lobe is 1/4 of total cortex and is responsible for:

1/4 of total cortex
Primary auditory
Auditory association
Visual association
Limbic

Answer 16

temporal lobe

Question 17

structure contained within Broadmen Areas 41 and 42?

Answer 17

primary auditory cortex

Question 18

structure contained within Broadmen Areas 22?

Answer 18

auditory association cortex

Question 19

structure contained within Broadmen Area 17?what lobe is this found in?

Answer 19

primary visual cortex

Question 20

structure contained within Broadmen Areas 18 and 19?

Answer 20

occipital lobe

Question 21

what is the term used for the hemisphere with the language function?

Answer 21

termed dominant

Question 22

what is of special note for the dominant hemisphere?

Answer 22

analytical thinking and calculation

Question 23

what is of special note for the non-dominant hemisphere?

Answer 23

in sensory discrimination, emotional/nonverbal thinking, artistic skills, music, spatial perception and perhaps face recognition

Question 24

percent of right-handers have language in left hemisphere?

Answer 24

95%

Question 25

percent of left-handers have language in left hemisphere?

Answer 25

75%

Question 26

what percent of the population is left handed?

Answer 26

10%

Question 27

T/F, handedness and language dominance develop before speech begins?

Answer 27

T

Question 28

this is the motor speech area? what Broadmen area is this?

Answer 28

Broca’s area (44, 45) is the motor speech center

Motor programs for speech production

Projects to motor cortex areas controlling vocal cords, tongue and lips

Lesion causes expressive aphasia with poor articulation, short sentences, slow speech

Question 29

what is wernicke’s area? this corresponds to what broadmen area?

Answer 29

initial steps of language processing that enable particular sequences of sounds to be identified/comprehended as meaningful words

22

Question 30

what is broca’s area? this corresponds to what broadmen area? what is the pathway?

Answer 30

the motor program that activates particular sequences of sounds to produce words is formulated in Broca’s area

44-45

Broca’s area&raquo_space; articulation of the sounds that constitute speech&raquo_space;> primary motor area

Question 31

name this aphasia

(Mostly) Infarct in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) superior division
Decreased frequency of spontaneous speech
Phrase length fewer than 5 words
More nouns than prepositions

Lacking prosody (melodious intonation for the meaning of sentence)
Repetition is impaired
Comprehension is (relatively) intact

Right hemiparesis (affecting face & arm, more than leg)
frustration & depression

Answer 31

broca’s aphasia

Question 32

name this aphasia

Infarct in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) inferior division territory
impaired comprehension
has normal fluency, prosody, and grammatical structure
“empty”, meaningless, nonsensical paraphasic errors

Impaired repetition
contralateral visual field cut (especially right upper quadrant)
apraxia
unaware of their deficit (contrast to Broca’s aphasia)

Answer 32

wernicke’s aphasia

Question 33

what is wernicke DISEASE? S/S? if memory problems with confabulation are observed, what is the diagnosis?

Answer 33

Due to Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

Capillary proliferation, hemorrhage, necrosis, and hemosiderin deposition are often found in the mamillary bodies and the periaqueductal gray matter, resulting in paralysis of the extraocular muscles.

If memory problems with confabulation are observed, the diagnosis is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 34

what is Korsakoff’s psychosis? what is the deficiency? what is damaged? what is changed that indicates thiamine deficiency to lead to this diagnosis?

Answer 34

Is characterized by retrograde memory loss, the inability to form new memories, and a tendency for confabulation (exaggerating) to compensate for these losses.

It is caused by thiamine deficiency

Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus-memory formation

A thiamine deficiency is indicated by a change in erythrocyte transketolase activity.

Question 35

alexia and agraphia are due to what?

Answer 35

impairments in reading and writing

caused by deficits in central language processing/ not by simple sensory or motor deficits

Question 36

name this medical condition?

impairments in reading and writing

caused by deficits in central language processing/ not by simple sensory or motor deficits

Answer 36

alexia and agraphia