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Animal Nutrition > Swine Nutrition > Flashcards

Swine Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

In Nature: What kind of animals are pigs? What do they do the majority of their lives? How many piglets do they have?

A
  • Omnivores
  • Exploration
  • 5-8 piglets
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2
Q

In Nature: How much does the sow typically weigh? What is the timeframe piglets begin to be weaned? What is the growth rate? How long is gestation?

A
  • 150 kg
  • Weaning > 10 weeks
  • Growth rate is variable
  • Gestation 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
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3
Q

What is the difference between natural gestation periods, lactation periods, and growth periods vs. commercial farms?

A

The gestation timeframe is the same but the lactation period is more than 50% less and the growth timeframe is lessened as well

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4
Q

What kind of stomachs do pigs have? What part of the GI tract is well developed? Where do they ferment soluble fiber? Where do they ferment insoluble fiber?

A
  • Mono-gastric species
  • Well developed cecum
  • Fermentation for soluble fiber is in the small intestine (ileum) or in the cecum.
  • Fermentation for insoluble fiber largely occurs in the colon
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5
Q

What are the objectives on commercial production for sows/gilt? Piglet/weaning?Growing/ finishing pig? Will they all occur in the same location?

A

Sow/ GILT: Maximum # of piglets/ year
Piglet/ Weaning: Minimize mortality and optimize health
Growing-finishing pigs- maximum growth

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6
Q

What is the time frame in commercial facilities for each of the following:

  • Weaning
  • Gestation
  • Lactation
  • Growing / Finishing
A
  • Weaning: 4+ 4 weeks ( 8 total)
  • Gestation: 114 days
  • Lactation: 21-28 days
  • Growing / Finishing : 10-12 weeks
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7
Q

What are sources of the following for swine:

  • Energy (Carbohydrates/ Fats)
  • Proteins (Lys, met)
  • Minerals/vitamins
A
  • Energy (Carbohydrates/ Fats): cereals, oils, fats
  • Proteins (Lys, met) - soy, linseed, pea, faba
  • Minerals/vitamins: ??????
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8
Q

What are things to consider when formulating swine diets?

A
  • Formulate to minimize cost maximizing growth. Lysine is the limiting amino acid in most swine diets
  • Feed is single most important cost to farm
  • Energy represents major part of cost formula
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9
Q

What is the limiting amino acid in swine diets?

A

Lysine is the limiting amino acid in most swine diets

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10
Q

If gross energy = 100 % where is the energy lost?

A

Feces - 20%
Digestible (after removing feces) - energy 80%
Urine and gas - 4%
Metabolizable ( after removing urine and gas) - 76%
Heat increment- 18% ( can go up to 38% if conditions are optimal but is costly for farmer)
Net energy (after heat increment removed) - 58%
NE retained: 38% (for meat)
NE maintenance: 20%

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11
Q

Which is higher in these different components of feed? What does it provide to the diet?

  • Soy bean meal
  • Soy bean hulls
  • Wheat bran
  • Animal Fat
  • Vegetable oil
A
  • Soy bean meal: protein source- higher digestible energy vs. net energy
  • Soy bean hulls: fiber - higher digestible energy vs. net energy.
  • Wheat bran: fiber- higher digestible energy vs. net energy. (more)
  • Animal Fat : fat - higher net energy vs. digestible energy.
  • Vegetable oil: fat - higher net energy vs. digestible energy.
    Fat digestion is more efficient with more heat conservation but the other products are required to have a balanced diet.
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12
Q

What is a GILT?

A

Pig that has not had babies or been bred

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13
Q

What are idea traits for a GILT at service?

A

220-240 days old = 31-34 weeks
135-150 kg wt
P2 Fat depth = 18 mm
2nd or 3rd heat
Target is feeing to develop the gilt and the progeny

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14
Q

What will happen to back fat after each litter?

A

It will decrease

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15
Q

What would loss of back fat indicate? What can influence it?

A

• Loss of fat cover over each parity
• Result is sows with very poor back-fats at weaning
• Poor reproductive performance = higher culling rates
• Back fat at weaning is also influenced by feeding in pregnancy and
lactation
STARTING HER BREEDING AT IDEAL BCS WILL GIVE YOU MORE LITTERS BEFORE SHE IS TOO THIN

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16
Q

What is important about feeding during gestation-lactation?

A
  • Maximize intake during lactation to produce enough milk for the piglets
  • Gestation: develop progeny enough avoiding excessive BCS at farrowing (restricted) that makes farrowing difficult
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17
Q

Why do we maximize intake during lactation?

A

This is because though the sow is taking in a normal amount of food her BCS will drop from increased energy expenditure, so we need to try to minimize that drop as much as possible.

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18
Q

What happens if sow is in poor BCS at the beginning of her next cycle?

A

Likely that will be the last time she can be bred

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19
Q

What is the target peak feed intake in kg per day for sows with their first litter, and with sows that have had multiple litters? How long should she be fed to appetite?

A

First litter: 6.5 kg
Sow (multiple litters): 8 Kg
- feed to appetite from day 4-5 until weaning

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20
Q

How do you feed/ encourage feeding in a suckling sow?

A
  • Avoid overfeeding during gestation
  • Keep house cool (20◦C) – once youngest piglets are over 2 days old
  • Water freely available – esp in first day /two
  • Keep feed fresh – no stale feed in troughs
  • Feed lactating sow diet
  • Feed at least twice, and ideally, 3 times daily
  • Provide 16 hours light (200 lux)
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21
Q

Why must newborn piglets get colostrum?

A

To Provide:
• Energy and other nutrients to avoid starvation
• Liquid to prevent dehydration
• Antibodies to protect against infections

22
Q

What occurs with the levels of antibodies in the sows milk? What happens to the piglets ability to absorb antibodies?

A

Decreases rapidly over first 24 hours. Antibodies half over first 4 hours. Composition rapidly changes in first 24 hours. Piglets ability to absorb antibodies reduces rapidly. Piglets are capable of very high intakes of colostrum

23
Q

How much colostrum must a piglet consume for adequate immunity? What percentage of piglets have not received colostrum? What occurs with smaller piglets and the amount of colostrum received?

A

200 ml
72%
For every 100 g decrease in birth weight there is a reduction of 30 grams of colostrum intake ( too weak to get to teat, bullied out of way)

24
Q

What can cause low colostrum production in swine?

A

MA (Mastitis/Metritis/Agalactia) may cause failure or low production

25
Q

What can affect colostrum intake in piglets?

A

Birth weight: Heavier piglets more competitive and extract more from teats
• Birth order: Earlier born piglets can get enough and compete less with later born
• Litter size: Reduced intake per piglet as number increases

26
Q

When does gut closure take place in piglets, preventing antibody absorption? What time frame is the most critical?

A

Gut closure in piglet can take place as early as 24 hours after birth

  • Piglet no longer capable of absorbing antibodies from gut
  • Piglet must consume sufficient antibodies within first 24 hours or earlier
  • Colostrum intake in first 6 hours is critical – the earlier the better
27
Q

What is iron? Why do piglets need supplementation?

A

• Vital component of blood
• Aids absorption and transfer of oxygen in blood
• Piglet born with limited supplies. Milk contains no iron. Traditionally outdoor animals, obtain iron from the soil
- Must give supplemental iron to prevent anaemia and loss of growth

28
Q

What are clinical signs of iron deficiency?

A

Anemia
Clinical Signs:
• Pale white colour
• Breathlessness
• Jaundice
• Scour (white) at about 3 weeks old
• Reduction in growth rate = lower weaning weigh

29
Q

What is the procedure for iron injection?

A
  • Collect litter in box/ creep area.
  • Roll skin over muscle, inject IM into neck muscle
  • Roll skin back and apply pressure to injection site.
  • Use 200 mg Iron dextran ( preferably in 1 ml)
  • Painful injection, expect response
30
Q

Why do we give piglets creep feeding?

A

Normally weaning would take >10 weeks but in commercial conditions it is done at 3-4 weeks and the gut is immature.
- Sows milk peaks at 3 weeks and then slowly declines.

31
Q

What are benefits of smooth weaning transitions?

A

Smooth weaning transition
• Initiates digestive development • Improve weights
• Improves weaning intakes

32
Q

When do you start feeding creep feed? What are good tips to help improve piglets utilization?

A

• Start to feed from 16 days old
• Feed fresh (feed 2x a day and remove uneaten food) in small amounts
• Use a small tray feeder
• Give creep when sow is feeding
- Locate feeder away from heated creep area, the sow’s head, rear of sow

33
Q

Who can be given uneaten creep feed?

A

Uneaten feed can be given to older pigs, but not sows (especially if medicated)

34
Q

What are the legal requirements in the EU in regards to water access?

A

• Suckling sows, and piglets over 2 weeks of age must have permanent access to sufficient quantity of fresh water

35
Q

How much water does suckling sows need? What should the flow rate of drinkers be? What are the differences in water needs from dry fed sows and wet fed sows?

A
  • Sows require +20 litres per day
  • Drinkers should have flow rate of 2 litres per minute
  • Dry fed sows: give 4-5 litres via tap or hose morning and evening
  • Wet fed sows: give mix with 3-3.5 litres water per kg feed, plus additional water in first 7-10 days lactation
36
Q

What should you provide to suckling piglets for water requirements?

A
  • Access to fresh clean water via correctly positioned nipple or bowl- type drinker
  • Drain the water pipe system about 10 days after farrowing or link into sow line
37
Q

What factors from low feeding intake can affect piglets? How?

A

Low feeding intake can lead to -> lack of maternal nutrition -> impairment of mucosal function. Impairment of mucosal function-> uptake of antigens, toxins, translocation of bacteria, and maldigestion/ absorption. This overall can lead to poor performance, diarrhea and infections.
Impairment of mucosal fxn can also lead to decreased brush border enzyme activity and absorption ability which also can lead to poor performance and diarrhea.

IN SHORT:
Low Feed intake -> impairment of mucosal fxn -> Bacterial proliferation/ decreased absorption -> poor performance, diarrhea, and infection

38
Q

What occurs in piglets between 3-6 weeks?

A

decrease in immunity, decrease enzyme activity, increased vulnerability.

39
Q

As pigs get older, what happens with amylase protease and lactase?

A

Lactase activity is highest in first few weeks but steadily declines.
Amylase protease starts out low but increases quickly as time goes on

40
Q

What are the causes of post weaning diarrhea?

A
  • Loss of maternal antibodies
  • Move to new environment
  • Stressful (mixing/ moving)
  • Possible high infectious
  • Food ( change of flora, composition, too much, too little)
41
Q

What is used to empirically prevent diarrhea in piglets? What else can be done to prevent diarrhea in piglets?

A
  • ZnO is empirically used to prevent diarrhea at x10 times nutritional levels
    • Reduce protein
    • Use only extruded soy, use milk products (whey, lactose) and fish meal or other high quality protein sources
    • Use feed additives like acidifiers, pre and probiotics, enzymes…
    • Start he first week with electrolyte solutions and porridge like presentations
42
Q

What is important about the environmental conditions of finishing pigs?

A
  • Lower Critical Temperature (LCT): Temperature below which pigs uses extra feed to maintain body temperature
  • Thermoneutral Zone: Range within which temperature does not affect pig performance
43
Q

What is the effective environmental temperature in terms of pig rearing?

A
  • Air temperature in pen and the combined effects of:
  • Air speed
  • Floor type
  • Air to wall temperature difference
  • Group size (group vs individual pig)
44
Q

What are the effects of the cold on pigs?

A
  • Pig eats more feed:
  • Guide: 33g per day for every 1C below LCT
  • Growth rate is not affected at moderately low temperatures
  • Feed Conversion deteriorates • Lighter pigs are more sensitive to cold
45
Q

What are the effects of excessive air speed for pigs?

A

Excessive air speed causes
• Reduced effective temperature
• Incorrect lying behaviour
• Vices such as tail-biting

46
Q

What indicates pigs comfort?

A
  • Lying Behaviour
  • Comfortable: Lie apart on side and barely touching
  • Cold: Lie on sternum
  • Very Cold: Huddling and lie on top of one another
  • Drafts: aggressive behavior and tail-biting
47
Q

How do you know if pigs are too close together when eating?

A
  • No space exists between them, not everyone can fit into the feed line at the same time.
48
Q

What is one of the main expenses in pork/ pig production? What is the amino acid that is limiting in pig diets?

A
  • Feed
    • Lysine, is an essential amino acid that is expensive and is usually the
    limiting amino acid in pig diet
49
Q

What are critical measures for reproductive success? When are demands highest for sows?

A

• The body condition and back fat of the gilt are critical measures for reproductive success and therefore longevity
• On the other hand, excessive BCS during gestation can make parturition more
difficult
• Demands are the highest during lactation

50
Q

What is vital for a piglets health? What age are piglets most susceptible to diarrhea? What can you do to help growth efficiency?

A
  • Colostrum consumption is vital for the piglet’s health
  • Piglets in the ages of 3-6 weeks are most susceptible to diarrhea
  • Maintaining pigs at a thermoneutral environment can help growth efficiency

Animal Nutrition (27 decks)

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