Intro, BCS, Energy, Macro: Carbohydrates Lecture Flashcards
What is a Nutrient?
a substance that provides nourishment
essential for growth and the maintenance of life
What is an essential nutrient?
a nutrient that the animal cannot
synthesize in sufficient quantities and should be
provided in the diet.
What is a balance diet?
a diet that provides all needed
nutrients in sufficient amounts and not in excess of
known safety limits
In 2020 how much income was made from Pet food?
92.66 billion
What requires more nutrition? A larger animal or a smaller one?
Larger animal
What requires more nutrition per its body weight? A larger animal or a smaller one?
Smaller animal
What is the calculation for metabolic body weight of an animal?
BW(kg)^0.75
What is malnutrition?
poor diet/ poor nutrition
What are common forms of malnutrition?
- Overall energy and protein malnutrition-
Marasmus
◦ Protein malnutrition-Kwashiorkor (energy is
sufficient)
◦ Any nutritional deficiency is malnutrition
What are probiotics? Prebiotics?
◦ Probiotics: beneficial microbial species
that can be provided to the organism and
support their health
◦ Prebiotics: compounds such as soluble
fibers that support a normal microbiome
What is a metabolome?
totality of metabolites in a certain environment
Why are some antibiotics lethal in rabbits?
This is because it changes their microbiome and the changes they are too sensitive too and cannot overcome.
What factors change nutritional requirements?
Reproductive state, lactation, age, diseases, spay/ neuter status, activity, growth/ life stage.
What Factor is the one that requires the highest nutritional requirement?
Reproductive state/ lactation
What is the Body condition score and what is it used for?
Body condition score (BCS): an indication of the energy status of an individual or a
group/herd
In a dog, on the 9 point BCS scale, what is the ideal body condition score?
4-5
In a cat on the 9 point BCS scale, what is the ideal body condition score?
5
Each point on the BCS scale is what percentage difference?
10% difference
TRUE OR FALSE: Visual inspection is not enough to make determination on BCS and you must palpate the patient.
TRUE
Why is it important to keep track of BCS?
Allows us to monitor progress over time, evaluate different sizes/ life stages. No equipment needed. Gives owners measurable goals.
What can BCS indicate?
Over-conditioned vs. Under-conditioned
What is the issue with BCS’s?
Variability due to objectiveness.
What are morphometric measurements?
Measurements of various body parts to assess very overweight pets and monitor progress
What is a muscle condition score?
measurement of muscling to determine if patient is adequate or has some muscle atrophy/ sarcopenia
What is failure to thrive?
Failure to thrive: a young (usually) animal that is in poor BCS and smaller size
What factors can affect feed quality?
Graze:
Inadequate quantity
Overgrazing
Drought
Insufficient feed for physiological state or activity
Poor facilities- feeder space, cleanliness Extruded/pelleted/canned food:
Poor digestibility
Poor bioavailability
Unbalanced foods
What animal related factors would lead to animals becoming underweight?
Low social status
Illness
Dental/periodontal/oral disease
Foreign body- GI obstruction
Neurological disease
Musculoskeletal disease (ie inability to swallow)
GI disease
Liver disease
Kidney disease
cancer
Lameness
Young/timid
What is energy?
the property of
matter and radiation which is
manifest as a capacity to perform work (such as causing motion or the interaction of molecules)
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
What is produced by glycolysis and becomes acetyl CoA
Pyruvates
What causes fatty acid synthesis or lipogenesis? Why does this occur?
Acetyl CoA. Excess glucose and carbohydrates
Why is energy required by animals?
– Basic metabolism
– Thermoregulation
– Activity
– Growth (young animals)
– Reproduction (females in reproduction)
What is Gross energy?
Energy in food if you were to burn it in a bomb calorimeter
What are the metabolic costs?
digestion, gas, urine production
What is Metabolized energy?
Energy that is available for use after
the metabolic ‘costs’ are subtracte
What are the units of energy?
Calories and Joule
What is equation for resting energy requirements?
70 x BW(KG)^0.75
What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for the adult neutered dog?
1.6X RER
What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for the intact adult dog?
1.8X RER
What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for the obese prone adult dog?
1.4X RER
What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for the obese prone adult cat?
1.2X RER
What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for an adult neutered cat?
1.4X RER
What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for an intact adult cat?
1.6X RER
What is equation for the daily digestible energy requirement in a horse?
A nonworking adult horse in good body condition is estimated to
be on average 33.3 kcal/BW (kg)
• Range: (30.3 kcal/kg-36.3 kcal/kg)
How much weight gain is needed to see 1 unit of change?
16-20 kg bw gain
What are symptoms of excess energy?
- Weight gain
• Hyperlipidemia
• Hepatic disease
• Pancreatitis
• Lipoma/xanthoma
What are symptoms of energy deficiency?
- Weight loss
• Loss of internal organ mass
• Decline in healing, immune function
• Shift to use of protein and fat stores for energy
What are signs of the patient being underweight in young animals?
- Higher susceptibility to disease
- Infectious > metabolic
- Poor response to medical treatments (unless nutritional status is corrected)
- Stunted growth, poor hair coat.
What are signs of the patient being underweight in older animals?
Chronic disease: Cancer, Metabolic disease.
- Decreased appetite when aging
- Can decrease sense acuity
- Rapid decline without medical and nutritional intervention.
What is the average heat of combustion for one gram of each of these: Lipid, Carbohydrate, Protein?
Lipid: 9.4 kcal/g
Carb: 4.2 Kcal/g
Protein: 5.65 kcal/g
What forms urea?
Nitrogen and hydrogen
What are the Atwater factors for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates?
Standard Atwater Factors are:
– Protein (1 g)= 4 kcal ME
– Fat (1g)= 9 kcal ME
– Carbohydrate= 4 kcal ME
(Use this for human food)
What are the modified Atwater factors?
Modified Atwater Factors are:
– Protein (1 g)= 3.5 kcal ME
– Fat (1g)= 8.5 kcal ME
– Carbohydrate= 3.5 kcal ME
(use this for dog food)
Are carbohydrates essential nutrients for cats/dogs?
No
What are sources of carbohydrates for omnivores/ carnivores?
Fruits and veggies in dog food.
What do cats do with the amino acids from protein?
They are constantly converted them to glucose.
What are Ionophores?
Ionophores are compounds that alter the rumen microfloral
population such that propionate production is favored
Ionophores are toxic in which animals?
camelids and horses
Ionophores are safe in which animals?
Ionophores are safe in cattle, sheep, goats
What aids milk volume and where does it come from?
lactose aids milk volume, lactose comes from glucose.
What combination can cause rumen acidosis?
Ionophores and Grain
Which grains can cause rumen acidosis?
corn, wheat,
and barley
What happens in rumen acidosis?
Rapid generation of volatile fatty acids which leads to a drop in rumen pH. Less chewing time and less saliva produced/ less salivary bicarb to buffer acids produced. This leads to acidosis (acid burn)
What are symptoms/ consequences of ruminal acidosis?
- Anorexia (indigestion)
• Bloat, from rapid build-up of gases in a rumen
• Bacteria can invade and pass through the acid-burned rumen wall ->
bacteremia
What feed contains carbohydrates that bypass the rumen? Where are they digested instead?
Many carbohydrates in brewer’s and
distiller’s grains bypass the rumen
• They arrive in the small intestine,
where pancreatic amylase completes
digestion
- Any undigested carbohydrate and
fiber reaches the colon and the gut
microbes get a ‘second chance’ to
ferment it
In hindgut fermenters, where are sugars and starches ingested?
Sugars/ starches are ingested in the
small intestines
In hindgut fermenters, where do fibers reach?
Large intestines
In hindgut fermenters, where does bacterial fermentation occur?
In the cecum and colon
In hindgut fermenters, where are VFA absorbed?
Through gut wall
What product in excess can be detrimental to hindgut fermenters, why?
Excess simple sugars can be detrimental
in hindgut fermenters
• Starch and sugars not absorbed in the
small intestines reach the large intestines
• There it ferments and supports lactic
acid bacteria -> reduce pH
• This increases intestinal permeability and
is a risk for bacterial translocation,
enterotoxaemia, endotoxemia
• Can lead to gut stasis, laminitis in
horses, colic etc.
• In addition- excess sugars could lead
to obesity, increased blood insulin
and diabetes
What does glucose become polymerized to and where is it stored afterwards?
Glycogen
Mostly in liver and muscle
What hormones promote glycogenolysis?
epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol
In aerobic metabolism, what does glycolysis produce? What does this product need to enter mitochondria?
Pyruvate
needs sufficient oxygen
In aerobic metabolism, how many ATP’s are made from 1 glucose?
38 ATPS
In anaerobic metabolism, what is pyruvate metabolized to? What is formed by this?
Lactic acid
- 2 ATPs
What occurs when oxygen is restored after anaerobic metabolism?
When oxygen is restored,
lactate can be metabolized
back to pyruvate in the
liver
Prolonged hypoxia can lead to what issue? What can this effect? What should you evaluate?
Prolonged hypoxia-> lactic
acidosis
• Can have negative effects on
cardiac function, enzyme
function
• Can be very serious and life
threatening
• What to evaluate: blood
pressure, respiratory function,
oxygenation
What is gluconeogenesis?
To make new glucose
When would gluconeogenesis be needed?
• Normal state in some species
(cats)
• Stress
• Physical activity
• Lactation (milk production
requires much glucose)
• Gestation- fetus and placenta have
an obligate demand for glucose
What is the main hormone responsible for shifting between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis?
Glucagon
Also: Cortisol and epinephrine (to provide glucose during stress)
What are some important glucogenic precursors used to generate glucose?
• Some important glucogenic
precursors used to generate
glucose include:
• Pyruvate / pyruvic acid from
glycolysis (CHO)
• Oxaloacetate / oxaloacetic
acid (Anaerobic respiration)
• Lactate / lactic acid
• Almost all of the amino acids (protein)
• Glycerol: the 3-carbon
backbone of triglycerides (fat)
• Propionic acid: a 3-carbon
volatile (short chain) fatty
acid produced by microbial
fermentation
What is a glucagonoma? Is it common? And what is the cause?
Glucagonoma is a neoplasm of
alpha pancreatic islet cells
• Rare overall: reported in dogs
but not cats. One report exists in
a jaguar and in a horse
• Excess glucagon is antagonistic
to insulin, can cause clinical signs
similar to DM
What is the diagnostic indications for a glucagonoma?
Diagnosis:
• High blood glucose, liver enzymes
• Plasma glucagon levels
• Honeycomb liver on ultrasound
• Skin lesions:
• Biopsy (‘red white and blue’)
What is the treatment for a glucagonoma?
Treatment:
- Limited (surgery is treatment of choice)
- Risks for post-op pancreatitis
- SND: Skin lesions respond to supplementation with amino acids either enteral or parenteral
What syndrome can be caused by a glucagonoma?
Can also cause a syndrome called superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND)
What is an Insulinoma? What does it cause? Is it common? Is it benign or malignant?
Beta islet cell tumor of the pancreas
• Has been reported in dogs, cats (rare),
ferrets, and have been rarely reported in
horses and cattle
• May be malignant (dogs), or benign
(sometimes in ferrets)
• Excess insulin -> hypoglycemia
What are some clinical signs of an insulinoma?
Possible clinical signs:
• Lethargy
• pawing at the mouth
• weakness
• weight loss
• tremors/ seizures
• collapse
• abnormal behavior
What are the diagnostic indications for an insulinoma?
Dagnosis
• Lab results:
• Hypoglycemia
- Elevated insulin
- Ultrasound/CT/MRI
What is the treatment for an insulinoma?
Treatment:
• Glucocorticoids (prednisone)
• Diet:
• Aim to reduce insulin secretion
• Small number of meals
• Low in simple carbs
• High fat
• High protein
What is diabetes mellitus? Is it common? What is a hallmark sign?
• Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
absolute or relative deficiency of insulin
• It has been reported in dogs and cats, and is
less common in horses and ruminants and
uncommon in rodents, lagomorphs and
birds
• The hallmark of DM is abnormal blood sugar
What are the three recognized types of diabetes mellitus?
• Type I (insulin-dependent): lack of insulin
production common form of DM in dogs
• Type II (noninsulin-dependent): peripheral
insulin resistance; found in cats (not dogs)
• Type III results from diabetogenic hormones
(progesterone, cortisol, epinephrine, growth
hormone, glucagon)
What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
Clinical signs:
• PU/PD
• Weight loss
• Polyphagia
• Lethargy
• Cataracts (dogs)
What are the goals of therapy for DM? What is the therapy recommended?
The goals of therapy are:
• resolve clinical signs (pu/pd)
• Improve blood glucose
• Avoid complications (cataracts, pancreatitis)
Therapy:
• Insulin replacement (avoid hypoglycemia)
Dietary therapy:
• Dogs: high fiber, routine of food before insulin is provided, lower fat
• Cats: some respond to low carb diet. If overweight -> weight loss
What do ionophores favor?
Ionophores favor propionate production
TRUE OR FALSE: Fiber is digestable by mammalian enzymes
FALSE:
Fiber is not digestible by mammalian enzymes
What increases lactose?
Propionate
What increases milkfat?
Acetate
