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Animal Nutrition > Intro, BCS, Energy, Macro: Carbohydrates Lecture > Flashcards

Intro, BCS, Energy, Macro: Carbohydrates Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Nutrient?

A

a substance that provides nourishment
essential for growth and the maintenance of life

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2
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

a nutrient that the animal cannot
synthesize in sufficient quantities and should be
provided in the diet.

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3
Q

What is a balance diet?

A

a diet that provides all needed
nutrients in sufficient amounts and not in excess of
known safety limits

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4
Q

In 2020 how much income was made from Pet food?

A

92.66 billion

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5
Q

What requires more nutrition? A larger animal or a smaller one?

A

Larger animal

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6
Q

What requires more nutrition per its body weight? A larger animal or a smaller one?

A

Smaller animal

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7
Q

What is the calculation for metabolic body weight of an animal?

A

BW(kg)^0.75

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8
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

poor diet/ poor nutrition

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9
Q

What are common forms of malnutrition?

A
  • Overall energy and protein malnutrition-
    Marasmus
    ◦ Protein malnutrition-Kwashiorkor (energy is
    sufficient)
    ◦ Any nutritional deficiency is malnutrition
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10
Q

What are probiotics? Prebiotics?

A

◦ Probiotics: beneficial microbial species
that can be provided to the organism and
support their health
◦ Prebiotics: compounds such as soluble
fibers that support a normal microbiome

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11
Q

What is a metabolome?

A

totality of metabolites in a certain environment

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12
Q

Why are some antibiotics lethal in rabbits?

A

This is because it changes their microbiome and the changes they are too sensitive too and cannot overcome.

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13
Q

What factors change nutritional requirements?

A

Reproductive state, lactation, age, diseases, spay/ neuter status, activity, growth/ life stage.

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14
Q

What Factor is the one that requires the highest nutritional requirement?

A

Reproductive state/ lactation

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15
Q

What is the Body condition score and what is it used for?

A

Body condition score (BCS): an indication of the energy status of an individual or a
group/herd

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16
Q

In a dog, on the 9 point BCS scale, what is the ideal body condition score?

A

4-5

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17
Q

In a cat on the 9 point BCS scale, what is the ideal body condition score?

A

5

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18
Q

Each point on the BCS scale is what percentage difference?

A

10% difference

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Visual inspection is not enough to make determination on BCS and you must palpate the patient.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Why is it important to keep track of BCS?

A

Allows us to monitor progress over time, evaluate different sizes/ life stages. No equipment needed. Gives owners measurable goals.

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21
Q

What can BCS indicate?

A

Over-conditioned vs. Under-conditioned

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22
Q

What is the issue with BCS’s?

A

Variability due to objectiveness.

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23
Q

What are morphometric measurements?

A

Measurements of various body parts to assess very overweight pets and monitor progress

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24
Q

What is a muscle condition score?

A

measurement of muscling to determine if patient is adequate or has some muscle atrophy/ sarcopenia

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25
Q

What is failure to thrive?

A

Failure to thrive: a young (usually) animal that is in poor BCS and smaller size

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26
Q

What factors can affect feed quality?

A

Graze:
 Inadequate quantity
 Overgrazing
 Drought
 Insufficient feed for physiological state or activity
 Poor facilities- feeder space, cleanliness Extruded/pelleted/canned food:
 Poor digestibility
 Poor bioavailability
 Unbalanced foods

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27
Q

What animal related factors would lead to animals becoming underweight?

A

 Low social status
 Illness
 Dental/periodontal/oral disease
 Foreign body- GI obstruction
 Neurological disease
 Musculoskeletal disease (ie inability to swallow)
 GI disease
 Liver disease
 Kidney disease
 cancer
 Lameness
 Young/timid

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28
Q

What is energy?

A

the property of
matter and radiation which is
manifest as a capacity to perform work (such as causing motion or the interaction of molecules)

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29
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

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30
Q

What is produced by glycolysis and becomes acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvates

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31
Q

What causes fatty acid synthesis or lipogenesis? Why does this occur?

A

Acetyl CoA. Excess glucose and carbohydrates

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32
Q

Why is energy required by animals?

A

– Basic metabolism
– Thermoregulation
– Activity
– Growth (young animals)
– Reproduction (females in reproduction)

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33
Q

What is Gross energy?

A

Energy in food if you were to burn it in a bomb calorimeter

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34
Q

What are the metabolic costs?

A

digestion, gas, urine production

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35
Q

What is Metabolized energy?

A

Energy that is available for use after
the metabolic ‘costs’ are subtracte

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36
Q

What are the units of energy?

A

Calories and Joule

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37
Q

What is equation for resting energy requirements?

A

70 x BW(KG)^0.75

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38
Q

What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for the adult neutered dog?

A

1.6X RER

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39
Q

What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for the intact adult dog?

A

1.8X RER

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40
Q

What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for the obese prone adult dog?

A

1.4X RER

41
Q

What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for the obese prone adult cat?

A

1.2X RER

42
Q

What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for an adult neutered cat?

A

1.4X RER

43
Q

What is the equation for the metabolic energy requirements for an intact adult cat?

A

1.6X RER

44
Q

What is equation for the daily digestible energy requirement in a horse?

A

A nonworking adult horse in good body condition is estimated to
be on average 33.3 kcal/BW (kg)
• Range: (30.3 kcal/kg-36.3 kcal/kg)

45
Q

How much weight gain is needed to see 1 unit of change?

A

16-20 kg bw gain

46
Q

What are symptoms of excess energy?

A
  • Weight gain
    • Hyperlipidemia
    • Hepatic disease
    • Pancreatitis
    • Lipoma/xanthoma
47
Q

What are symptoms of energy deficiency?

A
  • Weight loss
    • Loss of internal organ mass
    • Decline in healing, immune function
    • Shift to use of protein and fat stores for energy
48
Q

What are signs of the patient being underweight in young animals?

A
  • Higher susceptibility to disease
  • Infectious > metabolic
  • Poor response to medical treatments (unless nutritional status is corrected)
  • Stunted growth, poor hair coat.
49
Q

What are signs of the patient being underweight in older animals?

A

Chronic disease: Cancer, Metabolic disease.

  • Decreased appetite when aging
  • Can decrease sense acuity
  • Rapid decline without medical and nutritional intervention.
50
Q

What is the average heat of combustion for one gram of each of these: Lipid, Carbohydrate, Protein?

A

Lipid: 9.4 kcal/g
Carb: 4.2 Kcal/g
Protein: 5.65 kcal/g

51
Q

What forms urea?

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen

52
Q

What are the Atwater factors for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates?

A

Standard Atwater Factors are:
– Protein (1 g)= 4 kcal ME
– Fat (1g)= 9 kcal ME
– Carbohydrate= 4 kcal ME
(Use this for human food)

53
Q

What are the modified Atwater factors?

A

Modified Atwater Factors are:
– Protein (1 g)= 3.5 kcal ME
– Fat (1g)= 8.5 kcal ME
– Carbohydrate= 3.5 kcal ME
(use this for dog food)

54
Q

Are carbohydrates essential nutrients for cats/dogs?

A

No

55
Q

What are sources of carbohydrates for omnivores/ carnivores?

A

Fruits and veggies in dog food.

56
Q

What do cats do with the amino acids from protein?

A

They are constantly converted them to glucose.

57
Q

What are Ionophores?

A

Ionophores are compounds that alter the rumen microfloral
population such that propionate production is favored

58
Q

Ionophores are toxic in which animals?

A

camelids and horses

59
Q

Ionophores are safe in which animals?

A

Ionophores are safe in cattle, sheep, goats

60
Q

What aids milk volume and where does it come from?

A

lactose aids milk volume, lactose comes from glucose.

61
Q

What combination can cause rumen acidosis?

A

Ionophores and Grain

62
Q

Which grains can cause rumen acidosis?

A

corn, wheat,
and barley

63
Q

What happens in rumen acidosis?

A

Rapid generation of volatile fatty acids which leads to a drop in rumen pH. Less chewing time and less saliva produced/ less salivary bicarb to buffer acids produced. This leads to acidosis (acid burn)

64
Q

What are symptoms/ consequences of ruminal acidosis?

A
  • Anorexia (indigestion)
    • Bloat, from rapid build-up of gases in a rumen
    • Bacteria can invade and pass through the acid-burned rumen wall ->
    bacteremia
65
Q

What feed contains carbohydrates that bypass the rumen? Where are they digested instead?

A

Many carbohydrates in brewer’s and
distiller’s grains bypass the rumen
• They arrive in the small intestine,
where pancreatic amylase completes
digestion
- Any undigested carbohydrate and
fiber reaches the colon and the gut
microbes get a ‘second chance’ to
ferment it

66
Q

In hindgut fermenters, where are sugars and starches ingested?

A

Sugars/ starches are ingested in the
small intestines

67
Q

In hindgut fermenters, where do fibers reach?

A

Large intestines

68
Q

In hindgut fermenters, where does bacterial fermentation occur?

A

In the cecum and colon

69
Q

In hindgut fermenters, where are VFA absorbed?

A

Through gut wall

70
Q

What product in excess can be detrimental to hindgut fermenters, why?

A

Excess simple sugars can be detrimental
in hindgut fermenters
• Starch and sugars not absorbed in the
small intestines reach the large intestines
• There it ferments and supports lactic
acid bacteria -> reduce pH
• This increases intestinal permeability and
is a risk for bacterial translocation,
enterotoxaemia, endotoxemia
• Can lead to gut stasis, laminitis in
horses, colic etc.
• In addition- excess sugars could lead
to obesity, increased blood insulin
and diabetes

71
Q

What does glucose become polymerized to and where is it stored afterwards?

A

Glycogen
Mostly in liver and muscle

72
Q

What hormones promote glycogenolysis?

A

epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol

73
Q

In aerobic metabolism, what does glycolysis produce? What does this product need to enter mitochondria?

A

Pyruvate
needs sufficient oxygen

74
Q

In aerobic metabolism, how many ATP’s are made from 1 glucose?

A

38 ATPS

75
Q

In anaerobic metabolism, what is pyruvate metabolized to? What is formed by this?

A

Lactic acid
- 2 ATPs

76
Q

What occurs when oxygen is restored after anaerobic metabolism?

A

When oxygen is restored,
lactate can be metabolized
back to pyruvate in the
liver

77
Q

Prolonged hypoxia can lead to what issue? What can this effect? What should you evaluate?

A

Prolonged hypoxia-> lactic
acidosis
• Can have negative effects on
cardiac function, enzyme
function
• Can be very serious and life
threatening
• What to evaluate: blood
pressure, respiratory function,
oxygenation

78
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

To make new glucose

79
Q

When would gluconeogenesis be needed?

A

• Normal state in some species
(cats)
• Stress
• Physical activity
• Lactation (milk production
requires much glucose)
• Gestation- fetus and placenta have
an obligate demand for glucose

80
Q

What is the main hormone responsible for shifting between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis?

A

Glucagon
Also: Cortisol and epinephrine (to provide glucose during stress)

81
Q

What are some important glucogenic precursors used to generate glucose?

A

• Some important glucogenic
precursors used to generate
glucose include:
• Pyruvate / pyruvic acid from
glycolysis (CHO)
• Oxaloacetate / oxaloacetic
acid (Anaerobic respiration)
• Lactate / lactic acid
• Almost all of the amino acids (protein)
• Glycerol: the 3-carbon
backbone of triglycerides (fat)
• Propionic acid: a 3-carbon
volatile (short chain) fatty
acid produced by microbial
fermentation

82
Q

What is a glucagonoma? Is it common? And what is the cause?

A

Glucagonoma is a neoplasm of
alpha pancreatic islet cells
• Rare overall: reported in dogs
but not cats. One report exists in
a jaguar and in a horse
• Excess glucagon is antagonistic
to insulin, can cause clinical signs
similar to DM

83
Q

What is the diagnostic indications for a glucagonoma?

A

Diagnosis:
• High blood glucose, liver enzymes
• Plasma glucagon levels
• Honeycomb liver on ultrasound
• Skin lesions:
• Biopsy (‘red white and blue’)

84
Q

What is the treatment for a glucagonoma?

A

Treatment:

  • Limited (surgery is treatment of choice)
    • Risks for post-op pancreatitis
  • SND: Skin lesions respond to supplementation with amino acids either enteral or parenteral
85
Q

What syndrome can be caused by a glucagonoma?

A

Can also cause a syndrome called superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND)

86
Q

What is an Insulinoma? What does it cause? Is it common? Is it benign or malignant?

A

Beta islet cell tumor of the pancreas

• Has been reported in dogs, cats (rare),
ferrets, and have been rarely reported in
horses and cattle

• May be malignant (dogs), or benign
(sometimes in ferrets)

• Excess insulin -> hypoglycemia

87
Q

What are some clinical signs of an insulinoma?

A

Possible clinical signs:
• Lethargy
• pawing at the mouth
• weakness
• weight loss
• tremors/ seizures
• collapse
• abnormal behavior

88
Q

What are the diagnostic indications for an insulinoma?

A

Dagnosis
• Lab results:
• Hypoglycemia

  • Elevated insulin
  • Ultrasound/CT/MRI
89
Q

What is the treatment for an insulinoma?

A

Treatment:
• Glucocorticoids (prednisone)
• Diet:
• Aim to reduce insulin secretion
• Small number of meals
• Low in simple carbs
• High fat
• High protein

90
Q

What is diabetes mellitus? Is it common? What is a hallmark sign?

A

• Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
absolute or relative deficiency of insulin

• It has been reported in dogs and cats, and is
less common in horses and ruminants and
uncommon in rodents, lagomorphs and
birds

• The hallmark of DM is abnormal blood sugar

91
Q

What are the three recognized types of diabetes mellitus?

A

• Type I (insulin-dependent): lack of insulin
production common form of DM in dogs

• Type II (noninsulin-dependent): peripheral
insulin resistance; found in cats (not dogs)

• Type III results from diabetogenic hormones
(progesterone, cortisol, epinephrine, growth
hormone, glucagon)

92
Q

What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?

A

Clinical signs:
• PU/PD
• Weight loss
• Polyphagia
• Lethargy
• Cataracts (dogs)

93
Q

What are the goals of therapy for DM? What is the therapy recommended?

A

The goals of therapy are:
• resolve clinical signs (pu/pd)
• Improve blood glucose
• Avoid complications (cataracts, pancreatitis)

Therapy:
• Insulin replacement (avoid hypoglycemia)

Dietary therapy:
• Dogs: high fiber, routine of food before insulin is provided, lower fat
• Cats: some respond to low carb diet. If overweight -> weight loss

94
Q

What do ionophores favor?

A

Ionophores favor propionate production

95
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Fiber is digestable by mammalian enzymes

A

FALSE:

Fiber is not digestible by mammalian enzymes

96
Q

What increases lactose?

A

Propionate

97
Q

What increases milkfat?

A

Acetate

98
Q
A

Animal Nutrition (27 decks)

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