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Animal Nutrition > Hydration > Flashcards

Hydration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important nutrient?

A

H2O

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2
Q

What is the consequence of water deficiency? What is it called?

A

Can be fatal much sooner than any other nutritional deficiency. It is called dehydration

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3
Q

What determines an animals water requirements?

A

Species, Activity, and ambient temperature

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4
Q

What percentage of the body is water? What can change the water percentage?

A

60% of the body is water ( may change with age, nutritional status, hydration)

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5
Q

When is there water loss in the body?

A

Normal physiologic activities.

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6
Q

What are the steps to water intake regulation?

A

• INCREASED OSMOLARITY IN THE BLOOD -> OSMORECEPTORS THAT STIMULATE
THE HYPOTHALAMUS DIRECTLY OR THROUGH RELEASE OF ANGIOTENSIN II • THE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM INCREASES THIRST AS A WAY TO INCREASE
BLOOD VOLUME
• ACTIVATED BY HIGH PLASMA OSMOLARITY, LOW BLOOD VOLUME, LOW BLOOD
PRESSURE, AND STIMULATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• THE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) IS IMPORTANT TO CONSERVE WATER IN
THE FACE OF DEHYDRATION
• A LACK OF RESPONSE TO ADH IN THE TUBULES, WOULD LEAD TO DILUTE URINE
AND DEHYDRATION

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7
Q

What is ADH?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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8
Q

What is the function of ADH? What occurs in the absence of ADH? What is a condition that can cause Absence of ADH or resistance of ADH?

A

• ACTS TO INCREASE THE PERMEABILITY IN THE TUBULAR CELLS SO THAT
WATER IS ABSORBED AS THE INTERSTITIAL OSMOLALITY IS HIGHER THAN THE
FILTRATE • IN THE ABSENCE OF ADH (CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS) OR IF THE TUBULES
ARE RESISTANT TO ADH (NEPHROGENIC DI) URINE WILL BE DILUTE

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9
Q

What is the result of high sodium on plasma osmolarity?

A

It results in high plasma osmolarity.

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10
Q

What occurs to blood volume with high sodium and increased plasma osmolarity?

A

• THIS INCREASES BLOOD VOLUME AS
FLUIDS SHIFTS EXTRA CELLULARLY • IT ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO THIRST AND
ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS • CAN CAUSE INCREASED BLOOD
PRESSURE

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11
Q

What is the formula for Water requirements for dogs?

A 
Dog: 70 x Bw(kg)^0.75
Alternate formula ( 132 x Bw (kg)0.75 per 24 hours
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12
Q

What is the formula for water requirements for cats?

A

Cat: 70 x Bw(kg)^0.75
Alternate: 80xBW(kg)^0.75

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13
Q

What is the water requirement for a horse?

A

HORSE:0.3-0.8 GALLONS/100LB/DAY OR 25-70 ml kg/day

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14
Q

What is the avian water requirement?

A

AVIAN: 2 ML/KG/HR
OR 48 ML/KG/DAY

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15
Q

What is the reptile daily water requirement?

A

~2.5–3.5% OF BODY WEIGHT ON A DAILY BASIS

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16
Q

What determines cattle daily water requirements?

A

Age and production

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17
Q

What is the daily water requirement for dry cows?

A

24-49 L/day

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18
Q

What is the daily water requirement for a dairy calf between 1-4 months of age?

A

4.9-13.9 L/ day

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19
Q

What is the daily water requirement for a dairy heifer (5-24 months)?

A

~14.4-36.3 L/ Day

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20
Q

What is the main clinical intervention that could be provided for a patient who is dehydrated?

A

Rehydration

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21
Q

What are some consequences of dehydration?

A
  • Poor perfusion
  • Electrolyte disturbances
  • Acid base disturbance
  • endothelial injury
  • inflammation
  • coagulapathy
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22
Q

What degree of dehydration will the patient begin to exhibit clinical signs of dehydration?

A

5%

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23
Q

What are indicators of dehydration you can see on a physical exam?

A
  • Change in body weight
  • Mucus membrane character
  • CRT
  • Skin Turgor
  • Heart Rate
  • Respiratory Rate
  • Pulse quality
  • Urine output
  • Blood pressure
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24
Q

What are some other indications of dehydration in diagnostic testing?

A
  • PVC/TS
  • Decreased size of Vena cava on Radiographs ** Severe dehydration
  • USG
  • Lactate
  • BUN/Creat
  • Osmolality
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25
Q

What is the typical specific gravity range for cats?

A

1.030-1.050 (as per Stockman)
Book says 1.020-1.040

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26
Q

What is the urine volume typically produced daily for a cat?

A

10-20 ml/kg/day

27
Q

What is the typical specific gravity of a cow?

A

1.030-1.045

28
Q

What is the urine volume typically produced daily for a cow?

A

17-45 ml/kg/day

29
Q

What is the typical urine output per day for a dog?

A

20-100 ml/kg/day

30
Q

What is the urine volume typically produced daily for a dog?

A

1.020-1.060 ( Stockmans)
Book: 1.016-1.060

31
Q

What is the normal specific gravity range for a goat?

A

1.015-1.045

32
Q

What is the normal daily urine output for a goat?

A

10-40 ml/kg/day

33
Q

What is the normal specific gravity range for a horse?

A

1.025-1.060

34
Q

What is the normal urine output for a horse per day

A

3-18 ml/kg/day

35
Q

What is the normal specific gravity range for a pig?

A

1.010-1.050

36
Q

What is the normal urine output of pigs?

A

5-30 ml/kg/hr

37
Q

What is the normal urine output of sheep?

A

10-40 ml/kg/hr

38
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of sheeps urine?

A

1.015-1.045

39
Q

What ways can water be provided to the patient?

A
  • ORALLY (PO)
  • INTRAVENOUSLY (IV)
  • SUBCUTANEOUSLY (SQ)
  • INTRAOSSEOUS (IO)
40
Q

What kind of fluids can be provided parentally to the patient

A

FLUIDS MAY BE ISOTONIC
(MOST COMMON),
HYPERTONIC OR
HYPOTONIC (SPECIFIC
INDICATIONS)

41
Q

What is the proper way to administer fluids?

A

ALL NEED TO BE STERILE, AND ADMINISTERED ASEPTICALLY.

42
Q

What substances can be in parental fluids?

A

May provide water, electrolytes, glucose and sometimes, vitamins.

43
Q

What are crystalloid fluids?

A

Clear fluids

  • No lipids/ protein
  • Saline (0.9% NaCl)
  • LRS Solution
44
Q

What are colloid fluids?

A

Provide osmotic substance such as starch, albumin, gelatin

45
Q

What is important about monitoring patients while they are receiving fluids?

A

• PATIENTS ON IV FLUIDS SHOULD
BE MONITORED TO ENSURE
THEIR REHYDRATION IS
PROGRESSING AT AN
ACCEPTABLE PACE.

46
Q

What monitoring should be included when monitoring a patient on IVF?

A

• CLINICAL SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION
• TPR • BODYWEIGHT
• IF POSSIBLE- URINE PRODUCTION AND URINE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• AUSCULTATION
• MUCUS MEMBRANE COLOR
• PCV/TS
• BLOOD PRESSURE

47
Q

What can occur with overhydration?

A
  • OVERHYDRATION IS MOST OFTEN IATROGENIC
    • CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE IV FLUID ADMINISTRATION
    • CAN BE EVEN MORE DETRIMENTAL THAN DEHYDRATION
48
Q

What clinical signs can be seen with over hydration?

A
  • RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTIES
  • LUNG EDEMA
  • PITTING EDEMA
  • CONFUSION/SEIZURES
  • HIGH BP, TACHYCARDIA
  • EXCESSIVE MUCUS MEMBRANE MOISTURE
49
Q

What are the tests that can be done for overhydration?

A

Radiographs

50
Q

What are the treatments for overhydration?

A
  • D/C FLUIDS • DIURETICS • OXYGEN
51
Q

What percent of moisture is found in dry food?

A

10% moisture

52
Q

What percent of moisture is found in canned food?

A

80% moisture

53
Q

How do you calculate the water needed for a patient with a feeding tube?

A

1 ml/ 1 kcal consumed. Water should be added up to total per day and subtract what you are using to flush the tube and make the slurry.

54
Q

What is one concern for a patient who is dehydrated?

A

Increased risk of overheating. Water loss in urine and evaporation is accelerated with exercise.

55
Q

What is a body temperature that is concerning and potentially dangerous? What organs can be affected?

A

Body temperature > 104.
Intestines and kidneys are susceptible.

56
Q

Can you use/ is their benefit to using hydration drinks in veterinary medicine?

A

DEPENDS ON THE SPECIES
• HYDRATION DRINKS (W/ELECTROLYTES) ARE NOT USEFUL IN ANIMALS THAT
DO NOT SWEAT

57
Q

What is the concern with increased drinking and urination?

A
  • POLYURIA AND POLYDIPSIA (PU/PD) IS AN IMPORTANT CLINICAL SIGN IN SEVERAL DISEASES
  • IT CAN ALSO INCREASE THE RISK FOR DEHYDRATION
  • THIS CAN BE THE RESULT OF PRIMARY POLYDIPSIA OR A DECREASE IN THE RENAL ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE URINE (FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS) WHICH RESULTS IN INCREASED WATER INTAKE
58
Q

What is an example of tests done for a workup of PU/PD?

A

WOULD INCLUDE A URINALYSIS (URINE TEST) AS A FIRST-TIER TEST

( Urine can be free catch unless, being also sent for culture.)

59
Q

What is Isosthenuria?

A

USG of ~ 1.008- 1.012

60
Q

What is Hyposthenuria?

A

USG Lower than 1.008

61
Q

What would be indicated in test results with urine that is adequately concentrated and has no glucose?

A

LIKELY BEHAVIORAL, CYSTITIS, BLADDER MASS, UROLITHIASIS, ANATOMIC/
NEUROLOGIC

62
Q

What would be indicated in test results with urine that is concentrated and has glucose?

A

POSSIBLE DIABETES MELLITUS (EARLY) OR PRIMARY RENAL GLYCOSURIA (RARE)

63
Q

What would be indicated in test results with urine that has a low USG?

A

RENAL DISEASE, PYOMETRA, HYPERCALCEMIA, LIVER DISEASE, CUSHING’S DISEASE, ADDISON’S DISEASE, HYPERTHYROIDISM

Animal Nutrition (27 decks)

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