Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Nutrition > Food and Feedstuffs > Flashcards

Food and Feedstuffs Flashcards

1
Q

What is feedstuff? What is ration/ daily ration?

A
  • FEEDSTUFF= COMPONENTS OF THE DIET
  • RATION/ DAILY RATION= ALL FEEDSTUFF OFFERED DURING A 24 HOUR PERIOD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are essential nutrients? What is complete feed? What is most livestock diets like?

A
  • ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS= NUTRIENTS THAT MUST BE PROVIDED FROM THE DIET TO SUPPORT HEALTH
  • COMPLETE FEED= FEED FORMULATED TO PROVIDE ALL THE ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS FOR THE ANIMAL (EXCEPT WATER).
  • CAN BE FED AS A SOLE FOOD SOURCE (EXAMPLE: EXTRUDED DIETS FOR DOGS AND CATS THAT ARE COMPLETE AND BALANCED)
  • MOST LIVESTOCK DIETS ARE A MIXTURE OF INDIVIDUAL FEEDSTUFF, ALTHOUGH COMPLETE FEEDS ARE AVAILABLE TOO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is roughage?

A

high fiber foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of roughage?

A

Forage
Straw
Silage/haylage
seed hulls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are starches, simple sugars, proteins, vitamins, and minerals found? Where is fiber found? What has a high content of starch?

A
  • STARCHES AND SIMPLE SUGARS, AS WELL AS PROTEINS, VITAMINS, MINERALS, ARE FOUND IN THE PLANT CELL’S CYTOSOL WHEREAS FIBER COMPRISES THE CELL WALL AND SOLUBLE FIBER IS IN THE INTERCELLULAR SPACE FORMING A MATRIX THAT HOLDS CELLS TOGETHER
  • SEEDS (GRAINS) HAVE A HIGH CONTENT OF STARCH. THEY HAVE AN OUTER LAYER THAT NEEDS TO BE BROKEN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is in the cell contents of plants? cell wall? Intercellular cement?

A

Cell contents:
- Sugar
- Starch
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Most minerals
Cell Wall:
- Cellulose
- Hemicellulose
- Lignin
Intercellular cement:
- Pectin
- Gums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between fiber and starch?

A

• BOTH ARE POLYSACCHARIDES
• ENDOGENOUS MAMMALIAN ENZYMES CANNOT BREAK 1,4 GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE (ONLY ALPHA) IN CELLULOSE OR
HEMICELLULOSE
• BACTERIAL FERMENTATION ALLOWS DIGESTION OF THESE COMPOUNDS IN THE FORESTOMACH OR HINDGUT
VIA FERMENTATION

• MAMMALIAN AND BACTERIAL ENZYMES CAN DIGEST STARCH. WITH BACTERIAL FERMENTATION THESE
STARCHES EVENTUALLY FORM VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are NSC’s ( non structural carbohydrates)?

A
  • NSC ARE THE CARBOHYDRATES THAT DO NOT SUPPORT THE BUILDING FOUNDATIONS OF THE PLANT
  • AS SUCH THEY ARE USUALLY MORE DIGESTIBLE • WATER-SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE (WSC) ARE A FRACTION OF THE NSC
  • THESE ARE REDUCED WHEN HAY IS SOAKED IN WATER • BEET PULP IS ENERGY DENSE (MORE THAN GRASS HAY) AND HAS A LOW NSC CONTENT
  • IN CONTRAST, RICE BRAN IS AN ENERGY DENSE FEED BUT HAS A HIGHER NSC CONTENT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is fermentation? Where does it take place? Who does it take place in?

A

• THE HINDGUT IN THE HORSE, RABBIT AND RODENT • THE FORESTOMACH IN CAMELIDS AND RUMINANTS
• FERMENTATION IS AN ANAEROBIC PROCESS WHERE THE SUBSTRATE IS
BROKEN DOWN TO SIMPLER COMPOUNDS BY MICROBIAL ENZYMES SUCH AS CELLULASE.
• ORGANIC ACIDS (VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS; VFA) ARE AVAILABLE FOR USE BY
THE HOST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In fermentation, what releases energy for microbial use? what gases are produced during fermentation?

A
  • DISSIMILATION RELEASES ENERGY FOR MICROBIAL USE
  • GASSES (CO2, METHANE) ARE PRODUCED DURING FERMENTATION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Lignin? Is it digestible? What does a higher quantity of lignin mean for the food source? When will the plant have the highest quantity of lignin?

A

• SOME STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PLANT
CANNOT BE DIGESTED BY MAMMALS OR BY BACTERIA
• LIGNIN IS A NON CARBOHYDRATE CARBON POLYMER
• LIGNIN CONTENT INCREASES IN PLANTS AS THEY MATURE AND GROW
• MORE LIGNIN= LOWER DIGESTIBILITY
• LIGNIN MOLECULES ARE HIGH IN HYDROCARBONS- THIS IS WHAT MAKES DRY WOOD COMBUSTIBLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is forage?

A

• FORAGE:
• GRASS: INCLUDES GRAIN CROPS, TURF GRASS, BAMBOO
• LEGUMES: ASSOCIATED BACTERIA ARE ABLE TO FIX NITROGEN (N2) INTO THE SOIL, THEN NH3 IS ABSORBED
INTO THE PLANT AND CAN BE USED AS A SUBSTRATE FOR PROTEIN AND OTHER NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is forage- pasture?

A
  • PASTURE: PLANTS THAT ARE AVAILABLE FOR GRAZING
  • EITHER CULTIVATED (PLANTED) OR WILD (NATIVE)
  • MAY OR MAY NOT BE IRRIGATED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Hay? How is it collected, and what is good about the level of moisture in hay?

A

• HAY IS CUT FORAGE THAT IS DRIED AND HAS 90% DRY MATTER AND 10% MOISTURE
• IT IS CUT AND COLLECTED IN BALES (SQUARE OR ROUND) AND STACKS
• DUE TO LOW % MOISTURE, HAY CAN BE STORED FOR A RELATIVELY LONG PERIOD OF TIME WITHOUT MOLD
OR PUTREFACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the types of hay? Is hay in a bale of a single species?

A

• HAY CAN BE COMPRISED OF A SINGLE SPECIES, OR A COMBINATION OF SEVERAL SPECIES • CAN BE FROM FORAGE THAT IS NATIVE OR CULTIVATED • MOST HAYS ARE EITHER GRASSES (TIMOTHY GRASS HAY, ORCHARD GRASS HAY), OR LEGUME HAY (ALFALFA HAY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the stages of maturity of hay?

A 
BUD STAGE (PRE BLOOM): HIGHEST NUTRIENT CONTENT • BLOOM: MORE MATURE, HIGH YIELD (BIOMASS), DECREASED DIGESTIBILITY VS. BUD STAGE • SEED PRODUCTION STAGE (GONE TO SEED): AGED, LESS DIGESTIBLE AND LESS NUTRITIOUS • DORMANT: LEAST DIGESTIBLE AND LEAST NUTRITIOUS (SOMETIMES BURNT TO FERTILIZE THE SOIL WITH 
MINERALS RATHER THAN USED FOR GRAZE)
17
Q

What are the different terms for hay cuttings?

A

• CUTTING REFERS TO THE ORDER IN WHICH THE HAY HARVEST WAS CUT (BEGINNING OF SEASON VS. LATE IN SEASON)
• 1ST CUTTING: FIRST HARVEST, VARIABLE MATURITY (SOME PLANTS ARE IN EARLY GROWTH, SOME ARE MATURE); LESS DIGESTIBLE, LOWER NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• 2ND, 3RD CUTTING: UNIFORM GROWTH, GREATER WATER PENETRATION AND WARMER WEATHER; HIGHER
NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND DIGESTIBILITY

18
Q

What is important to look at in terms of hay quality?

A

• MORE LEAVES AND LESS STEMS, BRIGHTER GREEN COLOR= HIGHER QUALITY
• ODOR: PLEASANT, NOT MOLDY • MOLDY BASEMENT SMELL: HAY WAS BALED TOO WET OR GOT WET IN
STORAGE
• WATER DAMAGE: DARKENED BROWN HAY, MOLD SPORES SEEN

19
Q

What is the best way to determine hays quality? What other ways can you determine this?

A

Most reliable and most representative: Lab analysis (core biopsy)
Other ways:
- appearance, color, smell
Be careful to make sure the hay is not bad on outside and good inside.

20
Q

What does it mean if a bale of hay has more leaf content? What does the color of the hay indicate?

A
  • FROM APPEARANCE: LEAF CONTENT (MORE PROTEIN, STARCH)
  • COLOR- GREEN=GOOD; BROWN= MOLD, SUN EXPOSURE, WET
21
Q

What is aftermath? What is the term that is used to reference this?

A

• THE FORAGE THAT REGROWS IS CALLED AFTERMATH, STUBBLE, OR
RESIDUE
• IT IS A HIGH QUALITY, NUTRIENT RICH AND LUSH FORAGE.
- Stubble is often the term used when referring to corn or other grain.

22
Q

What can occur with hay that is too rich?

A

HAY THAT IS TOO RICH CAN CAUSE DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS
• BLOAT
• ENTEROTOXAEMIA
• LAMINITIS
• PULMONARY EDEMA (CATTLE)

23
Q

What is straw? What is straw rich in?

A
  • STEMS OF MATURE GRAIN PLANTS
  • THIS IS WHAT REMAINS WHEN THE GRAINS ARE REMOVED
  • EXAMPLES: OAT STRAW, WHEAT STRAW, BEAN STRAW • SINCE SEEDS ARE HARVESTED IN MATURITY (LARGEST SIZE), STEMS ARE THICK AND HIGH IN LIGNIN
24
Q

What can you do to straw to increase digestibility? Why does this increase digestibility?

A

STRAW CAN BE CHOPPED TO SMALL PIECES WHICH INCREASES ITS SURFACE AREA AND INCREASES
DIGESTIBILITY
• CHOPPED STRAW CAN BE ADDED TO THE RATION OF LIVESTOCK AS A SOURCE OF PARTIALLY DIGESTIBLE FIBER

25
Q

What is silage? What is haylage?

A

SILAGE: CEREAL CROP (FOR EXAMPLE: CORN SILAGE) THAT IS CHOPPED AND FERMENTED PRIOR TO BEING FED.
• USUALLY THE ENTIRE PLANT IS INCLUDED: STEMS, LEAVES
AND GRAIN
• 65%-70% MOISTURE AND 30-35% DRY MATTER
• HAYLAGE: IS MADE FROM A NON-GRAIN FORAGE SUCH AS ALFALFA.
• ALSO COMPRISES THE ENTIRE PLANT.
• MOISTURE 40-50%

26
Q

What is the process of silage and haylage production?

A

• THE PROCESS OF SILAGE AND HAYLAGE PRODUCTION IS CALLED ENSILING
• THE CROPS ARE CUT CHOPPED AND THEN REMOVED FROM THE FIELD
• THE MATERIAL IS THEN SEALED IN A SILO OR EVEN A
BAG AND LEFT TO FERMENT UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS
• ACID ACTS AS A PRESERVATIVE AND INHIBITS
GROWTH OF MOLD AND BACTERIA
• AFTER BEING CHOPPED, THE SILAGE IS PACKED DOWN (SOMETIMES WITH A VEHICLE)
• A THICK TARP AND OLD TIRES ARE PLACED OVER THE SILAGE TO PREVENT OXYGEN FROM PENETRATING
• THE COVER IS VITAL TO PREVENT OXYGEN AND EXCESS MOISTURE PENETRATION
• THE MICROBES THAT THRIVE IN THESE CONDITIONS CREATE ORGANIC ACIDS (MOST OF THESE VFA)
• LOW PH PREVENTS GROWTH OF MOLD AND BACTERIA

27
Q

What is important about the pH of where the haylage/ silage is stored?

A

Low pH prevents growth of mold and bacteria.

28
Q

What is silage inoculants? What do they do?

A

THERE ARE THOSE WHO USE SILAGE INOCULANTS (A SEED OF BACTERIA FROM ANOTHER SILAGE)
• THESE CAN EXPEDITE FERMENTATION, LIMIT MOLD AND SPOILAGE

29
Q

When could you see mold and spoilage with haylage/ silage? What are the concerns with certain molds? What bacteria can grow in spoiled pockets? What can they cause?

A
  • MOLD AND SPOILAGE TYPICALLY OCCUR IN AREAS WHERE THE PACKING IS LESS TIGHT OR WHERE AIR/RAIN OR GROUNDWATER CAN ENTER
  • CERTAIN MOLDS CAN DEVELOP MYCOTOXINS THAT CAN BE DETERMINANTAL TO ANIMALS
  • SOME BACTERIA SUCH AS LISTERIA CAN GROW IN SPOILED POCKETS AND CAUSE ENCEPHALITIS AND ABORTION IN LIVESTOCK
30
Q

What are energy feeds?

A
  • grains/ concentrates
  • oils and fats
31
Q

What is NPN? Where is it useful? What is it used for? Where is it absorbed in other species?

A

NITROGEN-CONTAINING FEEDSTUFFS INCLUDE NOT ONLY PROTEINS BUT COMPOUNDS SUCH AS UREA, BIURET, AND AMMONIATED FORAGES
• THESE ARE NOT USEFUL IN MONOGASTRIC OR HINDGUT FERMENTERS BUT ARE USEFUL IN FOREGUT FERMENTERS
• THE MICROBES MAY UTILIZE THESE COMPOUNDS TO SYNTHESIZE PROTEIN WHICH CAN LATER BE ABSORBED
• IN SPECIES OTHER THAN FOREGUT FERMENTERS, THE NPN IS ABSORBED IN THE SMALL INTESTINES AS IS,
AND LATER EXCRETED IN THE URINE

32
Q

What is Dry matter intake? What is dry matter intake used for? what is it expressed as?

A

KILOGRAM DRY MATTER (WATER REMOVED) IS SOMETIMES USED TO EXPRESS INTAKE.
DRY MATTER INTAKE ESTIMATES ARE ALSO USED TO CALCULATE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS PROVIDED IN THE FEED
• DAILY DRY MATTER INTAKE, EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF MATURE BODYWEIGHT AT MAINTENANCE

Animal Nutrition (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions