Swine Flashcards
Canada is the __ largest pork exporter of the world but produces __% of world pork
3rd, less than 2
top 3 pork provinces
Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba
wild boar was domesticated in __ and __
China and England
top 3 pork breeds in Canada
Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc
Yorkshire qualities (3)
successful crossbreeding, high sow productivity, high carcass quality
Landrace qualities (3)
good mothering ability, feed conversion, and carcass quality
Duroc qualities (3)
good carcass quality, strong feet/legs, large litters
what breed dominates male lines
Duroc
sow
adult breeding female after first litter
gilt
female pig that has not yet had piglets
(heifer pig)
barrow
male pig castrated before sexual maturity
boar
uncastrated male pig for breeding
drawbacks of swine production
production must be carefully managed for good results, swine are susceptible to diseases and parasites
three types of swine production enterprises
farrow to finish
farrow to wean
grow to finish
farrow to finish
breeding and farrowing sows, then feeding offspring until market weight
takes 10 months
most input, takes long time
farrow to wean
breeding and farrowing sows, then selling piglets at weaning
requires less facilities
at mercy of weanling pig market
grow to finish
buy weaned pigs and feed them to market weight
don’t have to manage breeding stock
worry about quality and health of weaned pigs
1 boar per how many females
20
T/F can AI pigs
True
flushing the breeding herd
feeding sow more feed than what is required before breeding to increase the number of ovulated eggs
gestation of pigs
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
why are pregnant sows kept in individual crates
will get too fat if fed ad libitum, this way they get individual feeding and care
** are now a welfare concern
when are farrowing crates used and why
only during and immediately after farrowing, to prevent them from crushing piglets
after birth the piglets get __ and may be __
identification tags, cross-fostered (given to a mom with less babies)
when are piglets weaned
around 3 weeks
what is market weight of pigs
220 lbs
how are grow to finish pigs housed
in groups in enriched environments to stop problem behaviors
slatted floors
how to choose housing location (4)
isolated, close to good roads, no prolonged sunlight or prevailing winds, availability of land for manure management
confinement/intensive housing pros/cons
pros: controlled enviro, manure separation, easy to clean, strict biosecurity possible
cons: very high initial cost
hoop barn pros/cons
pros: naturally ventilated, lower investment, multiple use building
cons: bedding, heat/humidity hard to control, sorting tricky, difficult to clean
pasture (extensive) pros/cons
pros: pigs can root and forage, pasture management
cons: seasonal, niche market, no environmental control, cleaning, individual monitoring, weather (both heat and cold), predation
why ventilate barns
generate warm air with breath, dust, ammonia
*heat must be replaced
manure management
handled as liquid, pits under pens for short term storage, can be valuable source of nutrients to surrounding farmland
management of replacement gilts
purchased from breeding company or selected within herd, minimal disease
mating practices
natural service or AI
- use fresh semen because boar semen does not freeze well
signs of heat
swollen vulva, nervousness, mucus discharge, off feed
housing during gestation
individually in gestation crates to prevent fighting and for individual care
3 groups sow housing feeding options
drop/spin feeding
non-gated short stalls
gated feeding stalls
when are sows moved from gestation barn to farrowing barn
1 week before expected farrowing date
piglet mortality rate before weaning with bad/good management
25% , less than 10%
top 4 ways piglets perish
starvation, crushing, chilling, born weak
feeding method of lactating sows
ad libitum
how long after weaning is sow re-bred
4-5 days
nursery rooms for piglets
here until they are 20kg, all-in all-out programs, try to prevent stress
growing-finishing barn
sorted by size and sex, feed ad libitum via conveyor system, concrete floor totally or partially slatted
2 types of waterers
automatic nipple waterers
bowl-type waterers (need regular cleaning)
antibiotics in swine
are only available via prescription
antibiotic resistance
occurs when microbes evolve in ways that reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of antibiotics
pigs are ___ with __ stomach(s)
omnivores, 1 [monogastric]
5 main parts of digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
what enzyme does saliva contain and for what
amylase, starts breaking down starch
3 parts of small intestine and what it has in it
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
contains villi
4 parts of large intestine/end of digestive tract
short cecum, long colon, rectum, anus
4 basic nutrients swine need
energy, amino acids [indispensable and dispensable], minerals, vitamins [extra A&D for gestating sows]
what determines amount of nutrient required (5)
the product you are raising them for, health, age, breed, production state
common energy sources in feed (4)
corn, wheat, barley, fat sources
common amino acid sources (5)
soybean/canola meal, peas, lentils, meat meal, synthetic sources
mineral/vitamin sources
bonemeal, limestone, premixes
how much of overall cost of swine production is feed
about 70%
indicators of ill health in swine (6)
reduced appetite, isolation, change in poo, coughing, dull hair coat, changed gait
where can swine diseases come from
animals other than swine, visitors, contaminated feed, water, bedding, equipment, dead animal carcasses, airborne particles
swine brucellosis
infectious disease caused by Brucella suis
spreads in semen during breeding or by getting the bacteria into body (mouth, nose, eye)
infection can localize in various tissues
causes inflammatory lesions in reproductive organs
zoonotic
pseudorabies
affects many animals
caused by PRV, is a contagious herpes virus
spreads via direct (nose-nose) contact or sexual contact or inanimate objects
causes reproductive and respiratory problems and occasional death in breeding and finishing hogs, high mortality in babies
porcine epidemic diarrhea
caused by (PEDv)
transmitted through feces and direct contact
can affect all types of pigs
prevented by biosecurity
caused dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
caused by PRRSv
causes reproductive failure in sows, respiratory diseases in growing and finishing, diarrhea in weanlings
vaccines available but there are lots of new variants
youngest piglets most susceptible
foot and mouth disease (FMD)
disease of cattle and swine
severe, highly communicable
causes blister-like sores on tongue, lips, teat, and in between hooves
swine vesicular disease
acute contagious viral disease
causes fever and fluid filled blisters (vesicles) in mouth and on snout, feet, teats
rarely fatal
African swine fever (ASF)
contagious viral disease
high mortality rate
causes fever, hemorrhage (internal bleeding)
can survive for several months in fresh pork
survival pigs are carriers for life
ticks play big role in transmission
reportable
hog cholera / classical swine fever (CSF)
highly contagious viral disease
high mortality
signs: fever, arched back, diarrhea, staggered gait, purple discoloration of skin
causes necrotic lesions of skin, tonsils, lymph nodes, small intestine, kidneys, spleen
trichinellosis
disease of animals and humans
caused by small intramuscular roundworms
transferred by consumption of raw or undercooked meat
what temp increases disease
cold
how to control disease
maintain biosecurity**, adequate ventilation, optimal environment
what is biosecurity
describes measures and procedures needed to protect against introduction and spread of pathogens
biosecurity principles for swine (5)
isolation, sanitation, human traffic control, herd health management, program maintenance
