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ANSC 212 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

most important part of livestock operation

A

REPRODUCTION

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2
Q

reproduction influenced by (4)

A

body condition, stress, external environments, disease

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3
Q

3 roles of male reproductive system

A
  1. produce lots of spermatozoa
  2. deliver sperm to proper place at proper time
  3. provide 50% of genetic makeup and determine gender
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4
Q

functions of testicles

A

primary make sex organ, produces sperm cells, produces testosterone

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5
Q

scrotum function

A

sack which contains balls, regulates ball temp

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6
Q

inguinal canal

A

prevents balls from going back in body and guts from coming down into scrotum

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7
Q

cryptorchid

A

absence of at least 1 testicle from scrotum

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8
Q

unilateral and bilateral cryptorchid

A
  • 1 up, 1 down
  • both up (sterile)
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9
Q

abdominal testicle problems

A

still produces sex hormones which can lead to bad behavior

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10
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

tubular structure in crown jewels where sperm cells develop

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11
Q

Leydig cells

A

adjacent to seminiferous tubules, produces testosterone, under control of pituitary gland

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12
Q

epididymis function

A

coiled tube in each testis, storage and maturation site for sperm

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13
Q

Vas Deferens

A

long structure that transports sperm from epididymis to urethra

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14
Q

seminal vesicles [vesicular gland]

A

produce urine neutralizing fluid to add volume

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15
Q

prostate gland

A

provides sperm nutrients

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16
Q

Cowpers [bulbourethral] gland

A

makes gel for cervical plug [in boars]

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17
Q

urethra function

A

tube which runs through penis and is exit hole

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18
Q

penis definition

A

organ of copulation

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19
Q

3 parts of sperm cell

A

head, midpiece, tail (flagellum)

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20
Q

breeding soundness evaluation (6)

A

body condition score, general physical exam, palpation of internal genitalia, palpation of testes, scrotal measurement, evaluation of semen

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21
Q

evaluation of semen

A

volume, motility, sperm count, abnormal sperm

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22
Q

best practices of castration

A

timing (young, no flies), clean equipment, trained personnel, accepted techniques, pain control

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23
Q

why castrate? (5)

A

stop male hormone production, prevent unplanned mating, decrease aggression, produce consistent quality meat, decrease management costs

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24
Q

term for castrated sheep, cattle, pig, horse, chicken

A

wether, steer, barrow, gelding, capon

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25
Q

stag

A

male castrated after sexual maturity

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26
Q

vasectomy

A

portion of vas deferens removed = infertile but still has sex drive and male characteristics

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27
Q

methods of physical castration

A

knife (surgical), burdizzo, elastrator

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28
Q

elastrator

A

elastic band castration technique, stops blood flow, low failure rate

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29
Q

burdizzo

A

crushes spermatic cord carrying blood to testicle, high failure rate

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30
Q

role of female in reproduction (3)

A

supply 50% of genetic material, nourishes fetus in uterus, nourished offspring via milk

31
Q

vulva

A

exterior part of female repro tract

32
Q

vestibule

A

general passageway to urinary and reproductive tracts, has glands for lubrication, produces pheromones

33
Q

vagina

A

female organ of copulation and birth canal, between vestibule and cervix

34
Q

cervix

A

opening into uterus, protects fetus by staying tightly closed, connective tissue with muscles and glands

35
Q

uterus contents

A

body and two uterine horns

36
Q

fallopian tube / oviduct

A

tube between ovaries and uterus, egg travels down tube from uterus to uterine cavity

37
Q

oviduct function

A

transports sperm into infundibulum, fluids secreted for stable fertilized ovum environment until it reaches uterus

38
Q

infundibulum

A

site of fertilization

39
Q

ovary

A

primary female sex organ, source of eggs, source of estrogen

40
Q

functions of uterus

A

site of embryo implantation, place for fetus to grow, provides nourishment, passageway for sperm going from vagina to fallopian tubes

41
Q

at birth, the ovary contains all of the __

A

follicles (eggs). Stays dormant until sexually mature

42
Q

mature follicles are called __, which secrete __

A

Graafian or tertiary follicles, estrogen

43
Q

smallest to largest age of puberty: cattle, sheep, horses, pigs

A

pigs, sheep, cattle, horses

44
Q

estrous vs estrus

A
  1. describes all things related to cycle
  2. period of time they are in heat
45
Q

monoestrus vs polyestrus

A

one cycle per year vs many

46
Q

induced ovulators

A

don’t follow a cycle, ovulate on copulation

47
Q

4 phases of estrous cycle

A

estrus, metestrus, diestrus (pregnancy prolongs diestrus), proestrus

48
Q

estrus

A

step 1, heat, period when female is receptive to breeding, max estrogen production

49
Q

metestrus

A

step 2, after estrus, corpus luteum is formed, which secretes progesterone to prep for embryo and reduces estrogen levels

50
Q

diestrus

A

step 3, luteal phase with corpus luteum max size, non-sexual receptivity, detects pregnancy if any

51
Q

proestrus

A

step 4, egg growth and rising estrogen levels, wall of vag thickens, internals become soft for sperm transport

52
Q

estrous cycle controlled by __, follicles stimulated to grow by __

A

anterior pituitary gland, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

53
Q

how heat happens

A

follicle grows via instructions from FSH, grows and produces more estrogen, when estrogen levels reach a certain point heat occurs, luteinizing hormones released from pituitary, which causes wall of follicle to rupture and release egg

54
Q

functions of estrogen (4)

A

induction of estrus, dilation of cervix, makes cervical mucus, mammary gland development

55
Q

corpus luteum development

A

new tissue grows in crater where follicle ruptures (ovulated) develops into CL and secretes progesterone

56
Q

progesterone functions (6)

A

hormone of pregnancy, preps of arrival of embryo from fallopian tube, prevents ovulation, maintains pregnancy, increases uterine blood supply, mammary gland development

57
Q

what happens when not pregnant?

A

CL regresses due to prostaglandins. Decrease in progesterone production signals pituitary to release more FSH to stimulate new follicle growth

58
Q

lifespan of ovum

A

about 1 day after ovulation

59
Q

zona pellucida

A

(mammals) sperm must pass through to join with nucleus of ovum, only allows a single sperm through

60
Q

zygote is __ and divides __

A

sperm + egg, mitotically

61
Q

before implantation embryo is nourished with:

A

uterine milk (secretions)

62
Q

3 sets of membranes that develop around embryo

A

amnion, chorion, allantois

63
Q

chorion

A

outermost layer of embryo, contacts endometrium of uterus

64
Q

amnion

A

fluid-filled sac around embryo, protects it from shock, connected via umbilical cord

65
Q

allantois

A

extension of urinary system, webbed with blood vessels, deals with liquid waste, gas membrane, nutrition

66
Q

placenta formation and function

A

formed by fusion of chorion and uterine mucosa, transmits nutrients and waste, protects fetus, prevents infection, secretes hormones

67
Q

diffuse, zonary and cotyledonary placenta attachment

A
  1. entire surface of membranes involves in placenta formation (horses/pigs)
  2. complete or incomplete band around fetus (dogs/cats)
  3. multiple areas of attachment (ruminants)
68
Q

free martin

A

infertile female twin, with other twin being male. Twins may share blood and Y-chromosome causes infertility

69
Q

4 ways to detect pregnancy

A
  1. rectal palpation, can detect uterine enlargement, day 45
  2. biological tests, measure progesterone in blood, urine or milk, day 21
  3. ultrasound, visualize embryos, day 30
  4. doppler, detects fetal heartbeat and placental attachment, small animals only
70
Q

terms for poopin out babies for sheep, pigs, goats, cattle, horses

A

lambing, farrowing, kidding, calving, foaling

71
Q

5 birth hormones

A

ACTH, prostaglandin, estrogen, oxytocin, relaxin

72
Q

avian male reproductive tract

A

paired internal testes, transfer semen to cloaca same as mammals, no weenie, use floor of cloaca for “cloaca kiss”

73
Q

site of fertilization

A

fallopian tube

ANSC 212 (14 decks)

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