Nutrition Flashcards
nutrient definition
substance that must be supplied in diet to permit normal life promises
diet definition
feedstuff or a mixture of feedstuffs
ration definition
daily allotment of the diet
ad libitum (ad lib)
as much as desired, eat as much as they want
as fed vs. dry matter
as the feed is fed, versus if all the moisture was taken out
requirements are always specified on a __ basis
dry matter (DM)
dry matter intake calculation
body weight x 2.3%
dry matter % calc
dry weight / wet weight
6 influences of forage quality
maturity at harvest, species, harvest and storage, environment, soil fertility, variety
the 6 nutrients
energy, protein, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, water
reasons for nutrient feeding (5)
body maintenance, mobility, warmth, pregnancy, growth
main objective of metabolism
to maintain a steady supply of ATP (energy) by oxidizing metabolic fuels
energy is released from oxidation of __, __, and __
carbs, fats, proteins
1 calorie =
amount of energy required to raise temp of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius
sources of energy loss (4)
feces, urine, gas, heat
nutrient required in largest amounts, most limiting in rations
energy
partitioning of energy
gross energy -> digestible energy -> metabolizable energy -> net energy
carbohydrates are mostly comprised of __, __, and __.
C, H, O
main organic compound in plants
cellulose (carbohydrate)
3 classes of carbs
monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
monosaccharides
simple sugars
oligosaccharides
any CHO with 3-10 monosaccharide units
polysaccharides
contain thousands of monosaccharide units
primary source of energy in livestock diets
carbohydrates
predominant source of carbs for monogastrics
starch
predominant source of carbs for ruminants
fiber in hays, straw, silage
3 important carbs
hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
cellulose
in cell wall of plants composed of glucose, broken down in ruminant rumen by bacterial enzymes
hemicellulose
shorter chains than cellulose, composed of many sugars
lignin
structural component of plants, makes it harder to digest cellulose
pectin
cellular glue, easily degraded in rumen
starch
non-structural carb, fermented in rumen
factors affecting protein requirements
age, body weight, level of production (pregnant, growing, maintaining)
structure of proteins
amino acids joined with peptide bond
more protein in __ compared to grasses
legumes
principle protein source in monogastrics (3)
oilseed & pulse meal, pulse/legume grain, animal by-products
primary source of protein in ruminant diets
legumes, grains, urea
how to analyze protein in feeds
crude protein
analyze N content in feed, protein is 16% N. But some of the N non-protein N
factors determining protein digestibility (5)
fiber, type of protein, balance of amino acids, heat treatment, anti-nutritional factors
essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL
phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine
Non-protein nitrogen
sources of N for microbial growth
bacteria use __ and __ to synthesize amino acids
NPN and carbohydrates
Dry matter & as fed formula
Nutrient % as fed / % DM as fed = nutrient % DM / 100% DM
