Nutrition

Question 1

nutrient definition

Answer 1

substance that must be supplied in diet to permit normal life promises

Question 2

diet definition

Answer 2

feedstuff or a mixture of feedstuffs

Question 3

ration definition

Answer 3

daily allotment of the diet

Question 4

ad libitum (ad lib)

Answer 4

as much as desired, eat as much as they want

Question 5

as fed vs. dry matter

Answer 5

as the feed is fed, versus if all the moisture was taken out

Question 6

requirements are always specified on a __ basis

Answer 6

dry matter (DM)

Question 7

dry matter intake calculation

Answer 7

body weight x 2.3%

Question 8

dry matter % calc

Answer 8

dry weight / wet weight

Question 9

6 influences of forage quality

Answer 9

maturity at harvest, species, harvest and storage, environment, soil fertility, variety

Question 10

the 6 nutrients

Answer 10

energy, protein, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, water

Question 11

reasons for nutrient feeding (5)

Answer 11

body maintenance, mobility, warmth, pregnancy, growth

Question 12

main objective of metabolism

Answer 12

to maintain a steady supply of ATP (energy) by oxidizing metabolic fuels

Question 13

energy is released from oxidation of __, __, and __

Answer 13

carbs, fats, proteins

Question 14

1 calorie =

Answer 14

amount of energy required to raise temp of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius

Question 15

sources of energy loss (4)

Answer 15

feces, urine, gas, heat

Question 16

nutrient required in largest amounts, most limiting in rations

Answer 16

energy

Question 17

partitioning of energy

Answer 17

gross energy -> digestible energy -> metabolizable energy -> net energy

Question 18

carbohydrates are mostly comprised of __, __, and __.

Answer 18

C, H, O

Question 19

main organic compound in plants

Answer 19

cellulose (carbohydrate)

Question 20

3 classes of carbs

Answer 20

monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 21

monosaccharides

Answer 21

simple sugars

Question 22

oligosaccharides

Answer 22

any CHO with 3-10 monosaccharide units

Question 23

polysaccharides

Answer 23

contain thousands of monosaccharide units

Question 24

primary source of energy in livestock diets

Answer 24

carbohydrates

Question 25

predominant source of carbs for monogastrics

Answer 25

starch

Question 26

predominant source of carbs for ruminants

Answer 26

fiber in hays, straw, silage

Question 27

3 important carbs

Answer 27

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

Question 28

cellulose

Answer 28

in cell wall of plants composed of glucose, broken down in ruminant rumen by bacterial enzymes

Question 29

hemicellulose

Answer 29

shorter chains than cellulose, composed of many sugars

Question 30

lignin

Answer 30

structural component of plants, makes it harder to digest cellulose

Question 31

pectin

Answer 31

cellular glue, easily degraded in rumen

Question 32

starch

Answer 32

non-structural carb, fermented in rumen

Question 33

factors affecting protein requirements

Answer 33

age, body weight, level of production (pregnant, growing, maintaining)

Question 34

structure of proteins

Answer 34

amino acids joined with peptide bond

Question 35

more protein in __ compared to grasses

Answer 35

legumes

Question 36

principle protein source in monogastrics (3)

Answer 36

oilseed & pulse meal, pulse/legume grain, animal by-products

Question 37

primary source of protein in ruminant diets

Answer 37

legumes, grains, urea

Question 38

how to analyze protein in feeds

Answer 38

crude protein analyze N content in feed, protein is 16% N. But some of the N non-protein N

Question 39

factors determining protein digestibility (5)

Answer 39

fiber, type of protein, balance of amino acids, heat treatment, anti-nutritional factors

Question 40

essential amino acids

Answer 40

PVT TIM HALL phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine

Question 41

Non-protein nitrogen

Answer 41

sources of N for microbial growth

Question 42

bacteria use __ and __ to synthesize amino acids

Answer 42

NPN and carbohydrates

Question 43

Dry matter & as fed formula

Answer 43

Nutrient % as fed / % DM as fed = nutrient % DM / 100% DM