Biotechnology & Genetics Flashcards
domestication
process of adapting wild plants and animals
requirements of domestication and production
feeding (nutrition), animal health, selection of stock
phenotype selection in breeding
structural & breeding soundness, udder capacity, indicators of productivity and viability, visible factors affecting market price
selection
breeding only certain individuals chosen for “desirable” characteristics
culling
eliminating some individuals from breeding
heritability estimate
proportion of variation due to genes and not environment or random chance
Heritability is an assessment of __
how successfully or quickly a trait can be improved by selection
qualitative traits
not influenced by environment, results from one or a few pairs of genes [either yes or no]
quantitative traits
many genes plus environment contributing to trait [continuous variation in phenotypes]
genetics
identifies genes that can enhance animal growth, health, ability to use nutrients
genomics
studies the complete set of genetic information
nucleotides
sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base (A, C, T, G)
where is DNA found (2)
nucleus + mitochondria
female vs. male chromosome
XX vs XY
alleles
different forms of same DNA (two halves of chromosome)
homozygous
same alleles
AA or TT
heterozygous
different alleles
AT
genotype
genetic makeup (alleles)
phenotype
what can be seen or measured
dominant allele
phenotypically displayed if present
recessive allele
expressed only in homozygous state
types of DNA mutations (5)
substitution, insertion, deletion, duplication, inversion
non-mendelian inheritance
codominance, incomplete dominance
discrete traits
two phenotypes
continuous traits
trait that varies within population
what is somatic cell nuclear transfer
cloning
(putting nucleus into different cell bodies)
transgenic animal
one that carries a foreign gene that has deliberately been inserted into its genome (can be from different species)
transgene
gene that is artificially introduced into genome of different organism
CRISPR-Cas9
bacterial defense mechanism modified to cut DNA at a specific spot on any genome in any cell/embryo