Dairy Flashcards
__ largest agri-food economy behind meat
2nd
very __ industry in Sask
small
number of dairy farms in Sask
150
year SK Dairy Entry Assistance Program was initiated
2015
free quota
where are most dairy farms in Sask
north of Saskatoon
where is Sask processing plant
Saskatoon (Saputo)
Biggest provinces in dairy production
Ontario + Quebec
province increasing herd size the most
Sask
why is there a 411% increase in size of Canadian dairy farms
technology
T/F there is organic dairies in Sask
False
Certification for Organic Dairy Production (CFIA) promises:
grown without pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, GMOs, growth hormones, antibiotics
transition time to organic
3 years
QC and ON process __% of industry products
75
processing plants regulated by __ or __
CFIA or provincially
2 major brands of dairy production
Saputo and Agropur
milk &milk products consumption in Canada is __
decreasing because of nut milk
What counties must Canada export dairy products to
USA and Mexico, want to limit exports
intensive management systems
animals kept indoors
limited grazing sometimes
tie stall barns
- cows kept tied
- milked in stall or released to go to parlor
- no freedom movement
- animal welfare concern
- cannot overstock amount of stalls
free-stall barns
- cows are free to interact
- go to parlor for milking
- stalls for resting
- tend to overstock stalls by 20%
- fed in separate alley
more tie stall or free stall barns in Canada?
tie stall (almost 75%)
most common dairy breeds in Canada
Holstein (93%) and Jersey (4%)
Holstein qualities
huge volume per day
Jersey qualities
Originated from Channel of Jersey
high butterfat & protein content
over all breeds, __ in average production
INCREASE
- good genetics
- better nutrition
- disease control
what is milk production quota
license to sell milk to the provincial Milk Marketing Board (SaskMilk)
- aka supply management
what does quota do
limits imports/exports
supply = demand
ensure consistent, cheaper pricing
what is milk quota measured in
kg of butterfat
Total production quota (TPQ) components
fluid milk (class 1) + industrial milk (classes 2-5)
TPQ is allocated to
provinces who allocate further to producers
5 provinces with quota price cap
PEI, NS, NB, QUE, ON
what happens if overproduce quota
not paid for milk
what happens if underproduce quota
fines, lose quota if repeat infractions
provinces in Western Milk Pool (WMP)
SK, AB, MB, BC
average age + main reasons for culling
4-5 years
infertility, mastitis
lactate/milk for __ days
305-320
dry period is __ days
60
rebreed time is __ days
60-90
how old is calf when weaned
6-8 weeks
body weight __ during milk production
drops
peak lactation is __-__ days after calving
60-90
maximum production at __ years of age, aka __ lactations
6-8
4-6
the __ quarters are more developed and produce __% of the milk
rear, 60
alveoli/alveolus
milk secreting cells
lumen
hollow center of alveolus
alveoli surrounded by
blood capillaries and myoepithelial (muscular) cells
what supplies nutrients to udder
blood
how many kg of blood used to produce 1kg of milk
400-500
how do milking machines remove milk
negative pressure (vacuum)
3 kinds of milking machines
tie-stall (pipeline), milking parlor, robot
all parlors have
an operators pit, to attach and detach milkers
herringbone parlor
- can be double-4 to double-24
- cows stand at 45 degree angle
- everything single file
rapid exit herringbone parlor
herringbone but headgates open up so cows can all leave at once instead of single file
parallel (side-by-side) parlor
- cows at 90 degree angle
- hard to access udder
- shorter distance btwn udders for operators
-headgates pickup for rapid exit
rotary milking parlor
- cows on rotating platform
- milker outside platform
- not expandable
- huge capital investment
- more labor required
robots for free-stalls
VMS and Astronaut
robots for tie stall
Milkomax system
how many cows can a robot milk 3x per day
55-60
robots are best suited to __ herds
smaller
for complete milk removal: (3)
- proper pre-stimulation
- efficient operation of machine
- milker = quick, gentle, efficient, clean
SOP
standard operating procedure
milk ejection reflex
- happens naturally in presence of calf
Unnatural stimulation: - fetching cows for milking
- entering parlor, sound/sight of machines
- fore-stripping, udder prep
what hormone triggers milk ejection reflex
oxytocin
[contraction of myoepithelial cells 20-60 sec after stimulus]
no stimuli = some milk will stay in
alveoli (lumen)
what inhibits milk letdown
pain, stress, excitement, fear
[adrenaline]
some heifers can receive __ to help milk letdown
oxytocin injection
typically milk __x per day, aka __ hour intervals
2, 12
increase in production by 15-20% if
milked 3x per day
4 steps of milking
1- pre-milking teat disinfection
2- wipe down with towel (udder stimulation)
3- machine attachment and positioning
4- post milking disinfection
attach machine __ minute(s) after stimulation
1
encourage cows to stand after milking by _ for __
offering fresh feed for post-milking teat dipping
how to handle collected milk
- cool rapidly
- store at 1-4 degrees in bulk tank
- this prevents bacterial growth
what happens if milking equipment is not cleaned
bacteria starts to grow = spread of disease and milk spoiling
how often is milk picked up
every other day or daily (depends on size)
single milk processing plant in Sask
Saputo
what are milk samples tested for (6)
protein, fat, lactose
antibiotic residues, water, somatic cell count
milk is __% water
85-87
2 main factors affecting profitability
production of cows and composition of milk (multiple-component system in Canada)
what is most of dairy cow’s day spent doing
resting
most common feed method
total mixed ration (TMR) - meets all nutritional needs
available at all times
what is dry period
non-lactating period prior to impending baby-having
(regenerates mammary epithelial tissue)
during dry period a __ plug forms to create a __
keratin, physical barrier
how soon is calf removed from mother
within 24 hours
(no bonding allowed)
NLID
national livestock identification for dairy
has registration # and herd management #
colostrometer measures
quality of colostrum via specific gravity
brix refractometer
measures Brix value of colostrum (total solid/sugar content). Best is 22%
ability for calf to absorb antibodies declines rapidly after
24 hours
calves are housed in
hutches or pens
calf milk pasteurizer
takes non-saleable whole milk and reduces pathogens so it can be fed to calves
what is rumen development dependent on
grain intake (not forage)
energy sources in calf starters (4)
corn, barley, wheat, oat
protein sources in calf starters (4)
soybean meal, DDGS, wheat bran, canola meal
avoid __ heifers
overfeeding (fat deposition in udder)
