Poultry Flashcards
T/F: dark yolks are healthier
False
T/F chicken and turkey meat has added steroids and hormones
False
T/F broilers are housed in cages all their life
False
T/F eggs with blood spots have embryos
False
T/F hen needs a rooster to lay an egg
False
T/F chickens can carry COVID
False
Poultry definition
domestic fowl that produce an economic service to humans
Broiler vs leghorn
meat bird vs. table egg production bird
lightest to heaviest meat chickens (3)
rock Cornish game hen, broiler, roaster
Pullet definition
females prior to sexual maturity
(heifer chicken)
Hen definition
females after sexual maturity
newly hatched turkey
poult
lightest to heaviest meat categories of turkeys (5)
broiler, light hens, heavy hens, light toms, heavy toms
what is pigeon meat called
squab
what happens during brooding
time of life when supplemental heat is required
rearing stage of life
between brooding and reaching sexual maturity
reproductive stage of life
birds have reached sexual maturity (meat turkeys and broilers butchered before this)
chicken consumption increasing or decreasing in Canada?
increasing
what is not considered part of commercial industry
backyard poultry industry
commercial poultry industry excels at… (4)
intensification, economies of scale, disease control, precise nutrition
Canada vs. U.S. industry
Canada has Market Supply Management System (QUOTA)
advantages of quota (4)
small amount of import and export, maintains family farms, steady income for producers, no major surplus or shortages
disadvantages of quota (3)
must purchase quota to get into commercial production, product more expensive for consumers, difficult to get into ($$)
Vertical integration
most of all the steps in production owned by large company
how are genetics controlled
by primary breeder groups, provide genetics worldwide
role of primary breeder groups (4)
genetic selection, technical assistance for producers, multiplication of stock, hybrid vigor
how many primary breeder groups for broilers, turkeys, laying hens
2, 2, 4
why are all commercial birds 4 way breed crosses
to protect the genetics
order of chicken digestive system (5)
crop, proventriculus, ventriculus/gizzard, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), ceca
nutrient density and feed form depends on:
meat and egg production
kinds of feed forms (3)
pellets, crumbles, mash
advantages of pellets and crumbles (5)
increase body weight gain, less waste, can kill some bacteria, increases palatability and digestibility, cannot pick out pieces
advantages of mash feeds
keep body weight gain lower, reduced processing cost, can be done on-farm
basic ingredients in poultry nutrition (3)
energy, protein, minerals/vitamins
specific nutrient requirements based on…
end product of birds
meat: energy and protein for muscle
eggs: calcium and phosphorus for shells
feed and water delivery to birds is __
automated
most poultry houses totally controlled for __ (4)
temperature, humidity, ventilation, light
egg collection and manure removal in housing is
automated
alternatives to conventional cages (2)
enriched cages, cage-free systems
conventional cages
been used since 1930’s but they are phasing out due to welfare
what is provided in enriched cages (4)
nesting areas, perches, dustbathing systems, more space
major components of hen house (4)
ventilation, lights, feeders, waterers
T/F broilers and turkeys are all free run birds
True
major components on broiler house (5)
ventilation, lights, feeders, waterers, litter
biosecurity is __
prevention of disease rather than control
factors in disease control (5)
all-in all-out, monitoring who comes in, location of farm, purchase of chicks from reputable hatcheries, cleaning/disinfecting
what does precocial mean
hatch with feathery stuff, ready to RIP
prior to incubation eggs can be stored at what temp + humidity for how long
10-18 degrees Celsius, 70-80% humidity, for 1-7 days
egg tooth
sharp point on beak to break out of shell
how often and why turn eggs
minimum 8x per day, to keep yolk from sticking to shell
egg orientation during incubation
incubate small end down to avoid chick malposition, on side to hatch
egg remover function + advantages
uses candling to remove nonviable eggs, reduces processing/cleaning time at hatchery
shortest to longest incubation times (4)
chicken, turkey/duck, geese
infrared light treatment on chicks
to dull beak, reduces cannibalism
national/provincial board
Chicken Farmers of Canada/Sask
broiler unit generally run as
all-in all-out units on an 8 week cycle (6.5 cycles per year)
how long till broiler chickens reach market
30-49 days (do not reach sexual maturity)
spread of chicks can help determine
temp and drafts
what does loading out refer to
shipment of broilers to processing plant (at night, slaughter in morning)
2 target broiler weights in Canada
1.75 and 2.5 kg
Broiler Grades
Grade A: good to go
Utility: put into processes chicken products
how many turkey producers in Sask
10, one slaughter plant
poult
newly hatched turkey
young tom
juvenile male
young turkey hen
juvenile female
turkey tom
mature male
turkey hen
mature female
why are commercial turkeys white
no color leeching from feathers into meat
how turkeys are bred
ALL artificial insemination
