Organ Systems Flashcards
muscle consists mostly of __ and __
protein and water
building blocks of protein
amino acids
carbs and fat have __ cal/g, fat has __ cal/g
4, 9
three types of muscle tissue
skeletal/striated, smooth, cardiac
muscle that is voluntary and striated
skeletal
what are striations caused by
actin and myosin
functions of skeletal muscle (4)
movement, body temp, posture, stabilize joints
tendon function
connects bone to muscle
extensor muscles
straighten
flexor muscles
bend
abductor muscle
move away from body
adductor muscles
move in toward body
grades of youthful beef (4)
A, AA, AAA, B1-4
Mature grades of beef (2)
D1-4, E
function of smooth muscles
surrounds hollow internal structures
spindle-shaped muscle cells containing a nucleus, involuntary control
smooth muscles
contracts slower and with less strength than other muscles, more stretch ability, involuntary
smooth muscles
cardiac muscle details: (3)
found in heart, involuntary [under autonomic control], striated
components of circulatory system (5)
heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, lymph system
function of circulatory system
transports nutrients, waste products, gases, water, hormones, and distributes heat
pulmonary circulation
[heart to lungs]
- heart pumps deoxygenated blood thru pulmonary artery to lungs
-blood is oxygenated in capillaries
-oxygenated blood is brought back to heart through the pulmonary vein
systemic circulation
[heart to body]
-heart pumps oxygenated blood thru aorta to body tissues
-capillaries allow nutrients and oxygen to enter tissue and waste/CO2 to leave
-vena cava (anterior and posterior) carry deoxygenated blood back into heart
arteries vs. veins
away vs. towards heart, red vs. blue, high vs. low pressure, no valves vs. valves
atria
receiving chambers of heart
ventricles
pumping chambers
anterior vena cava collects from ___
head and shoulder
posterior vena cava collects from __
lower regions
functions of blood
carries nutrients, waste, oxygen, hormones, heat, has buffers [bicarbonate], osmotic control, clotting mechanism, disease control
blood make up
50-60% plasma, 40-50% red blood cells, white blood cells
what is the buffy coat
white blood cells
3 types of blood cells
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
erythrocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells
thrombocytes
platelets
red blood cells formed in __, yes or no nucleus, contains ___ which binds to ___
bone marrow, no nucleus (except birds), hemoglobin, oxygen
how nitrate poisoning works
nitrate binds to hemoglobin to create methemoglobin, which cannot transport O2
white blood cells formed in __ & __, involved in __, not confined to __
bone marrow & lymph glands, immune system, blood
neutrophils & monocytes
types of WBC, attracted to sites of infection, ingest & destroy bacteria
eosinophils
type of WBC, control allergic and inflammatory responses
basophils
allergic and inflammatory responses
T lymphocytes
cellular immunity [attacks infected body cells], learned immunity
B lymphocytes
humoral immunity [makes antigen specific antibodies]
Total WBC count
Up - bacterial infection
Down - virus
index for health and milk quality
somatic cell count [mostly WBC in milk]
differential WBC count
measuring the % of each type of WBC
what do platelets do
attach themselves to injuries, release blood clotting chemical (fibrinogen)
plasma/serum make-up
90% water, 10% solids, removed by centrifugation
primary function of respiratory system
deliver oxygen to lungs to be exchanged with carbon dioxide.
process of respiration
contraction of diaphragm -> negative pressure -> inflow of air -> relaxation of diaphragm -> moves air out
structures of urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
basic functional unit of the kidneys? How many are there?
nephron, 1 million
three main parts of the nephron
glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, tubule (proximal + distal + Loop of Henle)
flow of kidney
-blood enters kidney from renal artery
-moves into glomerulus under high pressure [ultra filtration]
-most of liquid is forced out of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule
-glucose is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule
-water is reabsorbed in Loop of Henle
- salts are reabsorbed in distal convoluted tubule
- everything not absorbed is urine, which is gathered in collecting ducts and transported to the bladder
what animal doesn’t have a urinary bladder or urethra?
chicken
jobs of kidneys (5)
excretion of waste products, water balance, pH maintenance, osmotic pressure, electrolyte levels
two hormones involved with regulating kidneys
antidiuretic (water), aldosterone (Na/K balance)
parts of central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
parts of peripheral nervous system
nerves that branch out from brain and spinal cord, somatic NS, autonomic NS
somatic nervous system
muscle movement and relays from ears, eyes, skin
autonomic nervous system
involuntary bodily functions and glands
nerve cells
carry information from one part of body to another
functions of nervous system (2)
coordinates physical activities of body, basic pathways of all specialized senses
parts of neurons (4)
axon, dendrites, nucleus, Myelin sheath
path of impulse
receptor organ -> stimulates dendrites -> send action potential up axon -> sends signal across synapse to another set of dendrites
parts of brain (4)
cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, brain stem
cerebellum functions
coordinates muscular activity
thalamus function
relay station, all information processed through
midbrain function
eye movement
pons function
facial movement, hearing, balance
medulla oblongata
breathing, swallowing, blood pressure, heart rhythms
spinal cord function
connects brain and peripheral nervous system
endocrine system info
made up of ductless glands that send chemical messengers through the blood
bodily processes affected by hormones (6)
metabolism, growth, emotions, sexual function, sleep, blood pressure
parts of endocrine system (9)
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovaries, testes
hypothalamus
main link between endocrine and nervous system
pituitary function
stimulates other glands to release hormones
thyroid function and shape
controls metabolism, butterfly shape
parathyroid size and function
four tiny glands, controls calcium levels
adrenal glands
stress response, sexual development
pineal function
sleep cycle, releases melatonin
pancreas function
insulin, helps digestive system
ovaries and testes function
sex hormone production
what are different hormones made of?
proteins, steroids, modified amino acids
innate immunity
physical barriers, inflammatory response
adaptive immunity
memory cells after pathogen exposure
parts of immune system (8)
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus, bone marrow, skin, stomach, bowel
