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Epidemiology > Surveillance > Flashcards

Surveillance Flashcards

0
Q

Systemic continuous observation of populations and collection and analysis of data from many various sources is known as what?

A

Surveillance

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1
Q

What is the definition of surveillance?

A

Close watch kept over someone or something.

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2
Q

What are 2 reasons for surveillance?

A
  • Rapid detection and timely, appropriate response to important health events.
  • Production and communication of valid information about the health and disease status of the population.
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3
Q

One goal of surveillance is to maintain and improve what 3 things?

A
  • Animal health
  • Animal welfare
  • Economic viability of animal based food production systems.
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4
Q

Animal health surveillance can help protect public health through what?

A

Control of zoonotic and food-borne diseases.

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5
Q

What are 5 purposes of surveillance?

A
  • Rapid detection of disease outbreaks.
  • Support disease control/eradication.
  • Assess population health and safety of food.
  • Produce information about disease.
  • Evaluate disease control/biosecurity programs.
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6
Q

Early disease detection can help to prevent what?

A

Catastrophic losses and costs.

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7
Q

What are 3 examples of direct costs?

A
  • Dead animals
  • Treatment for sick animals
  • Lost productivity
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8
Q

What are 4 examples of indirect costs?

A
  • Lost markets
  • Lost consumer confidence
  • Losses in tourism
  • Loss to rural economies
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9
Q

What are 2 examples of ways surveillance can support disease control/eradication during an outbreak?

A
  • Situational intelligence

- Identify suspect or infected farms for stamping out

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10
Q

OIE member nations are obligated to do what?

A

Scientifically estimate the disease risk associated with their animals and animal products.

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11
Q

What are OIE member nations required to do?

A

Report the occurrence of listed and emerging diseases.

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12
Q

T/F: Borders will close if trade limiting disease is detected, but open faster with good surveillance.

A

True

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13
Q

T/F: Borders can be closed if a nation has substandard surveillance, but only if a disease has been detected.

A

False - Borders can be closed even if no disease has been detected.

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14
Q

What are 3 potential BSE Risk Statuses?

A
  • Negligible
  • Controlled
  • Undertermined
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15
Q

Information produced about diseases based on surveillance can be used for what 4 things?

A
  • Setting research priorities
  • Emergency preparedness
  • Gov’t directed disease control programs
  • Veterinarians and farmers to manage disease
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16
Q

Surveillance can detect what in regards to biosecurity?

A

Failure of biosecurity and border security programs.

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17
Q

What are 3 components of surveillance?

A
  • Detection
  • Response
  • Communication
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18
Q

Detection includes what?

A

Observation of a population or collection, analysis and interpretation of data from a population.

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19
Q

One goal of detection involves the timely detection or identification of what 3 things?

A
  • Important disease events in the population
  • Significant changes in the health status of the population
  • Significant changes in risk factors for disease in the population
20
Q

How is response part of surveillance?

A

The immediate response to disease outbreaks and events is considered part of surveillance.

21
Q

What is the goal of response in surveillance?

A

Timely, appropriate response to disease events.

22
Q

What is the goal of information production and communication from surveillance?

A

Produce and communicate timely accurate info about the health/disease status of the population.

23
Q

What are 2 things that information provided by surveillance covers?

A
  • Outbreak response

- Disease control and management

24
Q

What are 4 broad categories of surveillance?

A
  • Animals Health surveillance
  • Public Health surveillance
  • Biosurveillance
  • Food Safety surveillance
25
Q

Surveillance of animals for disease of importance to animals and people is what category of surveillance?

A

Animal health surveillance

26
Q

Surveillance of people for human diseases is what category of surveillance?

A

Public health surveillance

27
Q

Surveillance of humans, animals, and plants for disease affecting any or all of them is what category of surveillance?

A

Biosurveillance

28
Q

Surveillance of food production chains and people for food safety risks and food-borne disease is what category of surveillance?

A

Food safety surveillance

29
Q

What are 4 types of surveillance?

A
  • Passive surveillance
  • Active surveillance
  • Sentinel surveillance
  • Targeted surveillance
30
Q

What is the most common type of surveillance?

A

Passive surveillance

31
Q

Submission is initiated by and at the discretion of the sample/data provide for which form of surveillance?

A

Passive surveillance

32
Q

Veterinary/health authority does very little to select subjects for sampling or information for which form of surveillance?

A

Passive surveillance

33
Q

There is little or no control over who provides samples/data with which form of surveillance?

A

Passive surveillance

34
Q

What are 6 examples of passive surveillance?

A
  • Reportable disease programs
  • Sero-surveys at auction markets and slaughter plants
  • Diagnostic laboratory submission surveillance
  • Real time surveillance (syndromic = pre-dianosis)
  • Promed mail
  • Digital disease surveillance
35
Q

What are 3 pros of passive surveillance?

A
  • Reportable disease programs continuous surveillance
  • Laboratory surveillance can detect emerging diseases
  • Inexpensive
36
Q

What are 4 cons of passive surveillance?

A
  • Little control over who provides data/samples
  • Not a representative sample of the population
  • Won’t work for less valued animals that don’t use veterinary services
  • If disease is stigmatized farmers won’t report
37
Q

Which form of surveillance involves the committed effort of the veterinary/health authority to identify subjects for data or samples?

A

Active surveillance

38
Q

What is a pro of active surveillance?

A

Can be representative of the population.

39
Q

What are 3 cons of active surveillance?

A
  • Very expensive, labor intensive
  • Usually done once or intermittently
  • Sometimes may not be representative of the population
40
Q

When a small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or disease risk, this is what form of surveillance?

A

Sentinel surveillance

41
Q

What is an example of a species that acts as a sentinel for EEE/WEE?

A

Chickens

42
Q

What are 3 examples of species that acts as sentinels for WNV?

A
  • Horses
  • Wild birds
  • Mosquitoes
43
Q

What are 3 pros of sentinel surveillance?

A
  • Less expensive than monitoring the whole population
  • Often the only method available
  • Allows intensive, multiple testing (early warning)
44
Q

What is a con of sentinel surveillance?

A

May not be representative of the population.

45
Q

Which form of surveillance targets a specific segment of the population to enhance detection of disease?

A

Targeted surveillance

46
Q

What is a pro of targeted surveillance?

A

Enhance efficiency, reduce cost

47
Q

What is a con of targeted surveillance?

A

May not be representative of the population.

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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