Surveillance Flashcards
Systemic continuous observation of populations and collection and analysis of data from many various sources is known as what?
Surveillance
What is the definition of surveillance?
Close watch kept over someone or something.
What are 2 reasons for surveillance?
- Rapid detection and timely, appropriate response to important health events.
- Production and communication of valid information about the health and disease status of the population.
One goal of surveillance is to maintain and improve what 3 things?
- Animal health
- Animal welfare
- Economic viability of animal based food production systems.
Animal health surveillance can help protect public health through what?
Control of zoonotic and food-borne diseases.
What are 5 purposes of surveillance?
- Rapid detection of disease outbreaks.
- Support disease control/eradication.
- Assess population health and safety of food.
- Produce information about disease.
- Evaluate disease control/biosecurity programs.
Early disease detection can help to prevent what?
Catastrophic losses and costs.
What are 3 examples of direct costs?
- Dead animals
- Treatment for sick animals
- Lost productivity
What are 4 examples of indirect costs?
- Lost markets
- Lost consumer confidence
- Losses in tourism
- Loss to rural economies
What are 2 examples of ways surveillance can support disease control/eradication during an outbreak?
- Situational intelligence
- Identify suspect or infected farms for stamping out
OIE member nations are obligated to do what?
Scientifically estimate the disease risk associated with their animals and animal products.
What are OIE member nations required to do?
Report the occurrence of listed and emerging diseases.
T/F: Borders will close if trade limiting disease is detected, but open faster with good surveillance.
True
T/F: Borders can be closed if a nation has substandard surveillance, but only if a disease has been detected.
False - Borders can be closed even if no disease has been detected.
What are 3 potential BSE Risk Statuses?
- Negligible
- Controlled
- Undertermined
Information produced about diseases based on surveillance can be used for what 4 things?
- Setting research priorities
- Emergency preparedness
- Gov’t directed disease control programs
- Veterinarians and farmers to manage disease
Surveillance can detect what in regards to biosecurity?
Failure of biosecurity and border security programs.
What are 3 components of surveillance?
- Detection
- Response
- Communication
Detection includes what?
Observation of a population or collection, analysis and interpretation of data from a population.
One goal of detection involves the timely detection or identification of what 3 things?
- Important disease events in the population
- Significant changes in the health status of the population
- Significant changes in risk factors for disease in the population
How is response part of surveillance?
The immediate response to disease outbreaks and events is considered part of surveillance.
What is the goal of response in surveillance?
Timely, appropriate response to disease events.
What is the goal of information production and communication from surveillance?
Produce and communicate timely accurate info about the health/disease status of the population.
What are 2 things that information provided by surveillance covers?
- Outbreak response
- Disease control and management
What are 4 broad categories of surveillance?
- Animals Health surveillance
- Public Health surveillance
- Biosurveillance
- Food Safety surveillance
Surveillance of animals for disease of importance to animals and people is what category of surveillance?
Animal health surveillance
Surveillance of people for human diseases is what category of surveillance?
Public health surveillance
Surveillance of humans, animals, and plants for disease affecting any or all of them is what category of surveillance?
Biosurveillance
Surveillance of food production chains and people for food safety risks and food-borne disease is what category of surveillance?
Food safety surveillance
What are 4 types of surveillance?
- Passive surveillance
- Active surveillance
- Sentinel surveillance
- Targeted surveillance
What is the most common type of surveillance?
Passive surveillance
Submission is initiated by and at the discretion of the sample/data provide for which form of surveillance?
Passive surveillance
Veterinary/health authority does very little to select subjects for sampling or information for which form of surveillance?
Passive surveillance
There is little or no control over who provides samples/data with which form of surveillance?
Passive surveillance
What are 6 examples of passive surveillance?
- Reportable disease programs
- Sero-surveys at auction markets and slaughter plants
- Diagnostic laboratory submission surveillance
- Real time surveillance (syndromic = pre-dianosis)
- Promed mail
- Digital disease surveillance
What are 3 pros of passive surveillance?
- Reportable disease programs continuous surveillance
- Laboratory surveillance can detect emerging diseases
- Inexpensive
What are 4 cons of passive surveillance?
- Little control over who provides data/samples
- Not a representative sample of the population
- Won’t work for less valued animals that don’t use veterinary services
- If disease is stigmatized farmers won’t report
Which form of surveillance involves the committed effort of the veterinary/health authority to identify subjects for data or samples?
Active surveillance
What is a pro of active surveillance?
Can be representative of the population.
What are 3 cons of active surveillance?
- Very expensive, labor intensive
- Usually done once or intermittently
- Sometimes may not be representative of the population
When a small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or disease risk, this is what form of surveillance?
Sentinel surveillance
What is an example of a species that acts as a sentinel for EEE/WEE?
Chickens
What are 3 examples of species that acts as sentinels for WNV?
- Horses
- Wild birds
- Mosquitoes
What are 3 pros of sentinel surveillance?
- Less expensive than monitoring the whole population
- Often the only method available
- Allows intensive, multiple testing (early warning)
What is a con of sentinel surveillance?
May not be representative of the population.
Which form of surveillance targets a specific segment of the population to enhance detection of disease?
Targeted surveillance
What is a pro of targeted surveillance?
Enhance efficiency, reduce cost
What is a con of targeted surveillance?
May not be representative of the population.
