Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Epidemiology > Disease Reservoirs & Transmission > Flashcards

Disease Reservoirs & Transmission Flashcards

0
Q

Who is considered one of the early founders of epidemiology?

Which disease was he investigating?

A
  • John Snow

- Cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Disease transmission is the result of interaction between what 3 components?

A

Host, agent, environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London, how many fatalities were there?

A

616, up to 12.8% of the people living in the most heavily affected areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was found at the center of the cholera outbreak in London?

A

A well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When are the earliest reports of anthrax?

A

1491 BC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who was responsible for the beginning of the modern “germ theory”?
Which bacteria did he work with?

A
  • Robert Koch

- B. anthracis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In 1881, Pasteur was developing and testing what in sheep, goats and cattle?

A

An early vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Typhoid Mary was an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever which is caused by what bacteria?

A

Salmonella typhi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In 1897, Ronald Ross discovered that malaria was transmitted by what vector?

A

Mosquitoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In 1900, Walter Reed discovered that mosquitoes transmitted what disease?

A

Yellow fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: In disease prevention, knowing the mode of transmission is generally more important than identifying the specific agent.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Disease transmission can be represented as a chain of events.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 6 possible links in a chain of infection?

A
  • Pathogen/microorganism
  • Reservoir
  • Means of escape/portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Means of entry/exposure
  • Host susceptibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a reservoir?

What are some examples of reservoirs?

A
  • A habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies.
  • Humans, animals, environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is one way pathogens are maintained over time, from year to year or generation to generation?

A

Reservoirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Answering yes to which three questions will help to determine if something is a reservoir?

A
  • Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
  • Can that species of animals (human, soil) maintain the pathogen over time?
  • Can this source transmit the disease to a new, susceptible host?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 4 diseases/pathogens that humans are a reservoir for.

A
  • Smallpox
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Taenia solium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 4 disease/pathogens that animals are a reservoir for.

A
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Feline leukemia virus
  • Foot and Mouth disease virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name 2 diseases/pathogens for which the reservoir is in the environment.

A
  • Legionella

- Coccidioides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: Pathogens use the same strategy to survive, over time, in the reservoir as a population.

A

False - They used different strategies to survive.

20
Q

What are 3 examples of survival strategies used by pathogens?

A
  • Mutate to escape immunity, so that animals become susceptible again over time.
  • Evade immunity, allowing reinfection to occur after a short period of time.
  • Cause chronic infections with minimal symptoms (balanced pathogenicity).
21
Q

Does infection = disease = infectivity?

A

No

22
Q

T/F: Clinically ill animals that are reservoir competent are probably infectious.

A

True

23
Q

Can asymptomatic animals be carriers?

A

Yes

24
Q

Are all sick animals reservoirs?

A

No

25
Q

What are 2 examples of direct horizontal transmission?

A

Projection and contact

26
Q

What are 2 examples of indirect horizontal transmission?

What are 2 examples of both of these?

A
  • Vehicle: common vehicle and fomite

- Vector: biological vector and mechanical vector

27
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

From a reservoir host to its offspring.

28
Q

What is congenital transmission?

A

When pathogen can cross the placenta, infect eggs, etc.

29
Q

What is perinatal transmission?

A

When transmission occurs during parturition or via the colostrum.

30
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

From the reservoir to a new host.

31
Q

What is direct horizontal transmission?

A

Direct from the reservoir to a susceptible host.

32
Q

What is indirect horizontal transmission?

A

Via any sort of intermediary, animate or inanimate.

33
Q

What are 3 forms of direct, horizontal transmission?

A

Direct contact, direct projection (droplet spread) and airborne.

34
Q

What are five examples of direct horizontal contact?

A
  • Skin-to-skin contact
  • Mucous membrane contact (including sexual transmission)
  • Direct contact with soil reservoir
  • Bite
  • Scratch
35
Q

What are examples of direct projection (droplet spread)?

A

Wet, large and short range aerosols (sneezing, coughing, talking).

36
Q

Why is airborne transmission considered to be a form of direct transmission?
What is an exception to this?

A
  • Disease agents do not generally survive for extended periods within aerosolized particles.
  • Foot and Mouth disease
37
Q

What is a vehicle?

A

An inanimate object which serves to communicate disease.

38
Q

What is a vector?

A

A living organism that serves to communicate disease.

39
Q

What are 3 examples of common vehicles?

A
  • Food
  • Water
  • Contaminated IV drugs
40
Q

What are fomites?

A

Objects that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale.

41
Q

Are vectors live organisms?

A

Yes

42
Q

Most vectors are what?

A

Arthropods

43
Q

What defines a mechanical vector?

A

The agent does not multiply or undergo part of its life cycle while in/on the arthropod.

44
Q

What defines a biological vector?

A

The agent undergoes changes or multiplies while in the vector; these activities are required for transmission.

45
Q

Is Lyme disease transmitted directly or indirectly?

How is it transmitted?

A
  • Indirectly

- Ticks

46
Q

Is West Nile virus direct or indirect?

How is it transmitted?

A
  • Indirect

- Mosquitoes

47
Q

In December of 2005 there was an outbreak of this disease in Germany as the result of a hare hunt that took place the end of October that same year.
What was the causative agent of the disease?

A
  • Tularemia

- Francisella tularensis

48
Q

What was the source of the disease in the 2005 Germany outbreak?

A

The hare carcasses.

Epidemiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions