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Epidemiology > 2-Rabies > Flashcards

2-Rabies Flashcards

0
Q

What disease has the highest case fatality proportion of any conventional infectious disease?

A

Rabies

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1
Q

What is an acute, typically fatal, rapidly progressive encephalomyelitis of humans and other mammals?

A

Rabies

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2
Q

The rabies virus present in saliva late in infection is usually transmitted to susceptible hosts in what way?

A

By the bite of diseased animals.

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3
Q

Rabies is the leading viral zoonosis in terms of what 2 things?

A
  • Global public health

- Veterinary significance

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4
Q

Rabies is caused by what viruses?

A

RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus

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5
Q

What is the type species of the genus for rabies?

A

Rabies virus (RABV)

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6
Q

How many other Lyssavirus species or “genotypes” cause rabies?

A

11

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7
Q

What is the host range for rabies?

A

Very broad - all mammals can be affected

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8
Q

T/F: RABV is not associated with bats outside of the Americas.

A

True

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9
Q

Sustained intraspecies maintenance of rabies is seen in what type of host?

A

Reservoir host

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10
Q

Inefficient transmission is seen in what type of host?

A

Spillover host

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11
Q

Biological susceptibility to an adapted virus variant that induces behavior changes that enhance viral transmission via saliva can be seen in what type of host?

A

Reservoir host

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12
Q

What are 2 orders of species that can act as reservoir hosts for rabies?

A
  • Carnivora (canids, skunks, raccoons, mongoose)

- Chiroptera (bats)

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13
Q

Where is rabies distributed?

A

On all continents except Antarctica.

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14
Q

T/F: There are no areas considered “free” of rabies.

A

False - several areas are considered “free” of the disease, including many islands in Pacific Oceania

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15
Q

What threatens the disease-free status of many localities, due to he introduction of rabid animals?

A

Globalization

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16
Q

About how many humans rabies deaths are estimated per year?

A

60,000

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17
Q

How much is lost economically annually with rabies?

What are 2 causes of this loss?

A
  • $8 billion US

- Premature death, post-exposure prophylaxis

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18
Q

Most of the burden of rabies falls on what countries?

A

Developing countries

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19
Q

What is the single most important global animal reservoir?

A

Domestic dogs

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20
Q

What percentage of human cases contract rabies form domestic dogs?

A

> 95%

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21
Q

What else is considered important concerning the burden of rabies,especially in developed countries, such as Europe and North America?

A

Wildlife

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22
Q

What are 4 countries where rabies can be seen in the Caribbean mongoose?

A
  • Puerto Rico
  • Cuba
  • Dominican Republic (and presumably Haiti)
  • Grenada
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23
Q

There is evidence of bat rabies on what 3 Caribbean islands?

A
  • Cuba
  • Grenada
  • Trinidad
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24
Q

Do mongoose on Trinidad carry rabies?

A

No

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25
Q

Is human rabies common or uncommon?

About how many cases per year?

A
  • Uncommon

- About 1 to 8 cases per year

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26
Q

Approximately how many cases of human exposures to rabies occur per year?

A

30,000 to 38,000

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27
Q

Approximately how many animal rabies cases are diagnosed per year?

A

5,000 to 10,000

28
Q

T/F: Dog rabies virus transmission has been eliminated.

29
Q

What are 5 examples of wildlife hosts of rabies?

A
  • Raccoons
  • Skunks
  • Foxes
  • Mongoose
  • Bats
30
Q

Rabies in the USA is distributed in every state except which one?

31
Q

How good is rabies surveillance in animals?

32
Q

Who publishes an annual summary of rabies surveillance (runs about 1 years behind real time data)?

33
Q

In 2010, how many cases of rabid animals were reported?

A

6,154 rabid animals

34
Q

What percentage of rabies cases are seen in wildlife?

What percentage in domestic animals?

35
Q

What percentage of rabies cases are seen in raccoons?
Skunks?
Bats?
Foxes?

A
  • 37%
  • 24%
  • 23%
  • 7%
36
Q 
What percentage of rabies cases are seen in cats?
Dogs?
Cattle?
Horses?
Goats and sheep?
A
  • 5%
  • 1%
  • 1%
  • 0.6%
  • 0.1%
37
Q

What other country reports similar findings in wildlife and domestic animal rabies cases to the US?

38
Q

Mexico only has surveillance of rabies in which animals?

What percentage of cases are seen in cattle?

A
  • Domestic

- 83%

39
Q

The majority of human rabies in the US is caused by what variants of the rabies virus?

A

Bat variants of rabies virus

40
Q

What are 3 problems with detecting minor wounds from a bat bite?

A
  • Difficult to detect
  • May not recognize exposure
  • May sleep through the bite
41
Q

Most human rabies are diagnosed what?

A

Post-mortem

42
Q

If symptomatic for rabies, what occurs in almost all cases?

43
Q

In 2012, how many animals were reported rabid in the US?
What percentage were wildlife?
How many human cases?

A
  • 6,162
  • > 90%
  • 1
44
Q

How is the rabies virus primarily transmitted?

45
Q

Are rabies agents mildly or highly neurotropic?

A

Highly neurotropic

46
Q

Where does the rabies virus enter the nervous system?

A

Peripheral nerves

47
Q

How does the rabies virus get to the CNS?

A

Centripetal travel by retrograde flow in axoplasm of nerves to CNS.

48
Q

Where does the rabies virus replicate?

A

In the brain.

49
Q

Where else can centrifugal flow spread rabies virus to in the body?

A

Innervated organs, including the portal of exit, the salivary glands.

50
Q

Where is viral excretion seen in the body?

51
Q

What is the incubation period for rabies?

What is the average?

A
  • Variable (range = weeks to years)

- 1 to 2 months

52
Q

Non-specific signs can be seen during which phase?

A

Prodromal phase

53
Q

What are 2 phases that can be seen with rabies?

A
  • Prodromal phase

- Acute neurological phase

54
Q

Rabies can lead to what 2 conditions?

A
  • Coma

- Death

55
Q

Encephalitis can lead to what?

A

Behavioral changes

56
Q

Is “furious” rabies considered excitatory or depressive?

A

Excitatory

57
Q

Is “dumb” rabies considered excitatory or depressive?

A

Depressive

58
Q

Which form of rabies is excitatory?

A

“Furious” rabies

59
Q

Which form of rabies is depressive?

A

“Dumb” rabies

60
Q

What are 6 clinical signs seen with “furious” rabies?

A
  • Anxious
  • Restless
  • Aggressive
  • Vocal
  • Hyper reactive
  • Ataxic
61
Q

Is the “furious” form of rabies seen more in cats or dogs?

62
Q

How might the “furious’ form of rabies present in horses?

63
Q

What are 4 clinical signs seen with “dumb” rabies?

A
  • Somnolent
  • Depressed
  • Ataxic
  • Ascending paralysis
64
Q

Is the “dumb” form of rabies seen more in cats or dogs?

65
Q

Which form of rabies is seen more often in ruminants, “furious” or “dumb”?

A

“Dumb”

66
Q

What are 3 clinical signs that can be seen with all forms of rabies?
What can this lead to in cattle?

A
  • Paralysis of muscles in throat (dysphagia)
  • Salivation
  • “Hydrophobia”
  • Cattle = “choke”
67
Q

What is the official reference document for rabies prevention?

A

Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention & Control

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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