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Epidemiology > 2-Zoonoses from Carnivores: Dogs, Cats and Raccoons > Flashcards

2-Zoonoses from Carnivores: Dogs, Cats and Raccoons Flashcards

0
Q

Several developmental stages of the Toxoplasma gondii life cycle take place where?

A

Within cat intestinal cells.

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1
Q

Which protozoa is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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2
Q

Are cats with Toxoplasma gondii usually infected early or late in life?

A

Early in life.

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3
Q

What is excreted by the cat that has Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Oocysts

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4
Q

How long to cats usually excrete Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for?

A

1-3 weeks

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5
Q

How long does oocyst sporulation of Toxoplasma gondii take place in the soil?

A

1-5 days

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6
Q

Initial infection of Toxoplasma gondii in intermediate hosts are located where?
What is this life stage called?

A
  • Macrophages

- Tachyzoites

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7
Q

Which part of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii undergoes rapid replication, release and systemic spread?

A

Tachyzoites

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8
Q

As immunity to Toxoplasma gondii kicks in, what develop?

A

Bradyzoites

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9
Q

Cells infected with which part of the Toxoplasma gondii life cycle typically encyst into muscular tissues or neurologic tissues?

A

Bradyzoites

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10
Q

What are 2 forms of human exposure to Toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • Oocysts in soil

- Ingestion of tissue bradyzoites in undercooked meat

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11
Q

T/F: Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are very resistant and can survive most disinfectants, freezing and drying.

A

True

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12
Q

What is a major source of tissue bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii?
What are 2 other sources?

A
  • Pork

- Lamb and venison

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13
Q

How can tissue cysts seen with Toxoplasma be rendered non-infectious?

A

By freezing for >7 days or by cooking.

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14
Q

What should food preparers handling uncooked meat do?

A

Wash their hands after preparing pork chops, etc. for cooking.

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15
Q

Infections of Toxoplasma are usually asymptomatic in what 2 groups of humans?

A
  • Immunocompetent adults

- Children

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16
Q

If a person has poor immunity, it can lead to what with Toxoplasma?

A

Tachyzoites out of control.

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17
Q

Toxoplasma can cause severe problems in what 2 groups of people?

A
  • AIDS patients

- Pregnant women

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18
Q

Are there any good control programs for Toxoplasma in cats?

A

No

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19
Q

What are 4 ways to control Toxoplasma by reducing the risk of human infections?

A
  • Pregnant women can be tested serologically for antibodies.
  • Buy cats that are less likely to be shedding.
  • Prevent oocyst sporulation.
  • Reduce exposure.
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20
Q

What is a term for diseases caused by migrating larvae in paratenic hosts?

A

Larval migrans

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21
Q

T/F: Parasitic nematodes are almost never migratory during the larval stages.

A

False - they are almost always migratory.

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22
Q

What are 4 examples of types of larval migrans?

A
  • Visceral
  • Cutaneous
  • Ocular
  • Neurologic
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23
Q

What are 3 roundworms common of pet animals?

A
  • Toxocara canis
  • Toxocara cati
  • Toxocara vitulorum
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24
Q

T/F: Almost every dog is infected with a roundworm at some point in its life.

A

True

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25
Q

Human toxacariasis is considered what?

A

A “neglected tropical disease”

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26
Q

What are 2 risk factors for human toxocariasis?

A
  • Children between the age of 1-4 years

- Pica and geophagia

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27
Q

What type of larval migrans is the most common in human toxocariasis cases?

A

Visceral larval migrans

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28
Q

Which other 2 types of larval migrans can be seen with human toxocariasis but are more rare?

A
  • Ocular

- Neurologic

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29
Q

Do humans have low or high exposure rate to Toxocara?

A

High exposure with seroprevalence up to 100% in some places.

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30
Q

What is one way to prevent toxocariasis?

What is an example of how to do this?

A
  • Reduce the reservoir

- Regular antihelminthic treatment of dogs, cats, puppies

31
Q

Surveys have shown that what percentage of soil samples from parks or children’s sand pits may have Toxocara eggs?

32
Q

Is it easy or difficult to control Toxocara in the soil?

A

Very difficult

33
Q

What is the raccoon roundworm?

A

Baylisascaris procyonis

34
Q

Is Baylisascaris procyonis seen more in the eastern or western part of the US?

35
Q

Which 2 types of larval migrans are more common with Baylisascaris procyonis?

A
  • Ocular

- Neurologic

36
Q

What species can function as an alternative definitive or intermediate host for Baylisascaris procyonis?

37
Q

Humans are definitive hosts for which 4 cestode species?

A
  • Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
  • Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
  • Diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm)
  • Dipylidiuim caninum (dog tapeworm)
38
Q

How do humans get infested with cestodes?

A

By eating intermediate host tissue (usually meat).

39
Q

What are 3 species of cestodes where humans are the intermediate host?

A
  • Echinococcus granulosus
  • Echinococcus multilocularis
  • Taenia solium
40
Q

How do humans usually become intermediate hosts?

A

Usually infested by eating larvated eggs.

41
Q

What types of symptoms are seen with the human is a definitive host?

A

“Standard” worm symptoms.

42
Q

What are 3 locations where cysts can cause symptoms in human intermediate hosts?

A
  • Liver
  • Lungs
  • Brain
43
Q

The primary affected organ in human intermediate hosts for cestodes depends on what?

A

The species of parasite.

44
Q

What type of symptoms can be seen in human intermediate hosts following the rupture of a cyst from a cestode infestation?

A

Anaphylactic symptoms

45
Q

Which type of cyst disease is seen with Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Hydatid cyst disease

46
Q

What type of cyst disease is seen with Echinococcus multilocularis?

A

Alveolar cyst disease

47
Q

What type of cysts are seen with Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Individual, large, fluid-filled cysts in multiple tissues.

48
Q

What type of cysts are seen with Echinococcus multilocularis?

A

Multilocular, small, solid cysts in tissues.

49
Q

Where do you often find the cysts associated with Echinococcus granulosus?

50
Q

Where can you often find the cysts associated with Echinococcus multilocularis?
Where can they spread to secondarily?

A
  • Liver

- Lungs

51
Q

Echinococcus granulosus cysts may also develop where?

52
Q

What species are reservoirs for all species of Echinococcus?

53
Q

Hydatid cysts in the liver can take how long to produce enough damage for clinical symptoms to appear?

A

10-20 years

54
Q

What are 5 examples of types of cystic Echinococcosis-associated losses seen in livestock?

A
  • Liver condemnation
  • Decreased carcass weight
  • Decreased hide value
  • Decreased milk production
  • Decreased fecundity
55
Q

What 2 species are the definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus?

A
  • Dogs

- Wolves

56
Q

How long is the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm?

57
Q

What are 2 species that are natural intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus?

A
  • Sheep

- Moose

58
Q

What species is considered an aberrant intermediate host for Echinoccocus granulosus?

59
Q

How does man get infected by Echinococcus granulosus?

A

By ingestion of eggs, not meat.

60
Q

T/F: Most of the US in non-endemic for cystic Echinococcosis.

61
Q

The relatively small amount of cystic Echinococcosis seen in the US is associated with what industry?

A

Sheep industry

62
Q

What are 2 examples of communities in the western US where cystic Echinococcosis can be seen?

A
  • Native Americans

- Basque immigrants in parts of California

63
Q

Cystic Echincoccosis can be seen in the sylvatic cycle between wolves and moose in what country?

64
Q

What are 3 ways to control cystic Echinococcosis?

A
  • Preventing infestation in dogs
  • Condemnation/disposal of infected offal
  • Preventing transmission to people
65
Q

What do you treat dogs with to prevent cystic Echinococcosis?

A

Regular treatment with Praziquantel every 6 weeks.

66
Q

The cysts seen with Alveolar Cyst Disease can take how long to grow?
Are they operable?

A
  • Over 10 years

- Usually inoperable by the time of diagnosis.

67
Q

The natural cycle of Alveolar Echinococcosis is between what 2 species?
What are 2 domestic species that can also be hosts?

A
  • Foxes and rodents

- Dogs and cats

68
Q

Is Alveolar Echinococcosis common or rare in humans?

What is the mortality rate if left untreated?

A
  • Rare

- 50-70% fatality if untreated.

69
Q

Where can Alveolar Echinococcosis be found?

A

Throughout the northern hemisphere.

70
Q

What are 5 ways to control Echinococcus multilocularis?

A
  • Routine antihelminthic treatment of dogs
  • Reduce exposure of domestic pets to rodents
  • Treatment of foxes
  • Education
  • Stray dog control
71
Q

Twice annual treatment of dogs for Echinoccocus multilocularis lead to what percentage of a decrease in human cases of Alveolar Echinococcosis?

72
Q

T/F: Dogs and cats are rarely infested with zoonotic parasites.

A

False - they are often infested.

73
Q

How are most zoonotic parasites seen in dogs and cats transmitted?

A

By ingestion of animal feces.

74
Q

What are 2 examples of dog and cat zoonotic parasites that can also be transmitted by ingestion of infective meat?

A
  • Toxoplasma gondii

- Toxocara canis

75
Q

What 2 groups of humans are especially at risk?

A
  • Children

- Immuno-compromised

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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