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Epidemiology > 2-Mosquitoes and Zoonoses > Flashcards

2-Mosquitoes and Zoonoses Flashcards

0
Q

The pathogen must develop in the mosquito to become what?

A

Infectious

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1
Q

How are most diseases acquired by mosquitoes?

A

Via blood meal.

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2
Q

The number of days it takes for the mosquito to become infectious depends on what 3 things?
This time period is known as what?

A
  • Pathogen
  • Mosquito
  • Temperature
  • Extrinsic incubation period
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3
Q

When is the disease transmitted by the mosquito?

A

During feeding.

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4
Q

What are the most important vectors of human disease worldwide?

A

Mosquitoes

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5
Q

What is an example of an anthroponotic disease?

A

Malaria

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6
Q

What are 2 examples of mostly anthroponotic diseases?

A
  • Dengue

- Yellow Fever

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7
Q

What are 4 examples of true zoonoses transmitted by mosquitoes?

A
  • Rift Valley Fever (FAD)
  • Equine encephalitis viruses
  • West Nile Virus
  • Other flaviviruses
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8
Q

What does EEE stand for?

A

Eastern equine encephalitis

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9
Q

What does JE stand for?

A

Japanese encephalitis

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10
Q

What does LAC stand for?

A

LaCrosse encephalitis

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11
Q

What does MVE stand for?

A

Murray Valley encephalitis

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12
Q

What does POW stand for?

A

Powassan encephalitis

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13
Q

What does SLE stand for?

A

St. Louis encephalitis

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14
Q

What does TBE stand for?

A

Tick-borne encephalitis

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15
Q

What does WEE stand for?

A

Western equine encephalitis

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16
Q

What does WN stand for?

A

West Nile

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17
Q

What does VEE stand for?

A

Venezuelan equine encephalitis

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18
Q

What is the viral family of WEE, EEE and VEE?

Genus?

A
  • Togaviridae

- Alphavirus

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19
Q

What do EEE, WEE and VEE cause?

In what 2 species?

A
  • Encephalitis and/or febrile disease

- Horses and humans

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20
Q

What is the pathogenicity in equids for VEE?
EEE?
WEE?

A
  • Up to 80% case fatality with some strains
  • 90+% fatality
  • About 20-40% case fatality rate
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21
Q

Are mosquitoes mechanical or biological vectors of EEE, WEE and VEE?

A

Biological vectors

22
Q

With EEE, WEE and VEE, who become infected and develop high enough viral titers in blood to infect mosquitoes?

A

Reservoir hosts

23
Q

What species is the natural reservoir for WEE and EEE?

A

Birds

24
Q

What species is the enzootic reservoir for VEE?

The epizootic reservoir?

A
  • Rodents

- Horses

25
Q

How often do epizootics of EEE occur?

A

Periodically

26
Q

Where do epizootics begin?

A

In nature.

27
Q

Increased transmission of virus between mosquitoes and birds can lead to what?

A

Spill over to incidental hosts.

28
Q

T/F: Many environmental factors contribute to spillover cycles.

A

True

29
Q

What do you call hosts found outside the natural cycle?

A

Incidental hosts.

30
Q

Incidental hosts are usually what?

What does this mean? What is an exception to this?

A
  • Dead-end hosts

- Can’t infect mosquitoes, except both horses and humans with VEE

31
Q

The enzootic reservoir cycle of EEE is between what 2 species?

A
  • Wild birds

- Mosquitoes

32
Q

What is the mosquito vector for EEE?

A

Culiseta spp.

33
Q

The epizootic cycle of EEE is between birds what what hosts?

A

Incidental hosts

34
Q

What are 4 examples of incidental hosts of EEE?

A
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Swine
  • Ratites
35
Q

What is an example of a “bridge” mosquito vector required with EEE?

A

Aedes spp.

36
Q

Epizootics tend to be what and usually occur within how far of an enzootic swamp habitat?

A
  • Self-limiting

- Within a few miles

37
Q

T/F: Incidental hosts are dead-end.

A

True

38
Q

Which is most virulent: EEE, WEE, VEE?

A

EEE

39
Q

Equine cases of EEE often appear how long before human cases?

A

About 2 weeks

40
Q

Early clinical signs of EEE include what 3 signs?

A
  • Fever
  • Lack of appetite
  • Lethargy
41
Q

What disease can progress to various degrees of excitability and then drowsiness, ultimately ending in paresis, seizures and coma in fatal cases?

A

EEE

42
Q

Is there a vaccine for EEE in horses?

A

Yes

43
Q

With swine and ratites, what are 2 clinical signs that can be seen with EEE?

A
  • GI disease

- Hepatitis

44
Q

What are 4 other species that can contract EEE?

A
  • Sheep
  • Cattle
  • Deer
  • Camelids
45
Q

What is a risk factor for EEE?

A

Outdoor activities in an area with EEE-infected mosquitoes.

46
Q

What is the incubation period of EEE?

A

3-10 days

47
Q

What percentage of people will be asymptomatic with EEE?

A

90+%

48
Q

What are 4 possible symptoms of EEE in humans?

A
  • Mild flu-like illness
  • Encephalitis
  • Coma
  • Death
49
Q

What percentage of humans survivors of EEE will have mild to severe permanent neurological damage?

A

Approximately 50-90%

50
Q

What is the estimated lifetime cost per patient for humans with EEE?

A

$3 billion

51
Q

Is there any specific treatment for EEE?

A

No

52
Q

What is the mosquito vector for WEE?

A

Culex tarsalis

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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