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Epidemiology > Epidemic Curves & Determinants of Disease > Flashcards

Epidemic Curves & Determinants of Disease Flashcards

0
Q

What is happening during the incubation period?

A

The microbe is replicating but not symptomatic yet.

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1
Q

What is happening during the latent period?

A

The microbe is replicating but not yet enough for the host to become infectious.

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2
Q

Does the incubation period always correlate with the latent period?

A

No

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3
Q

What does infectious mean?

A

Disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host.

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4
Q

What does infestation mean?

A

Invasion, but not multiplication of an organism in/on a host (fleas, ticks, some parasites).

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5
Q

What does contagious mean?

A

Disease transmissible from one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes.

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6
Q

What does communicable mean?

A

Disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne or indirect routes from an infected person, animal, plant or a contaminated inanimate reservoir.

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7
Q

What do epidemic curves represent?

A

The number of new cases of disease over time.

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8
Q

T/F: Epidemic curves are simple to make and interpret.

A

True

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9
Q

What are 5 things epidemic curves can tell you?

A
  • Most probable source of the outbreak.
  • If the pathogen is contagious.
  • If the outbreak is ending, or if it will continue.
  • Incubation period of the pathogen (sometimes).
  • About outliers.
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10
Q

A propagated source epidemic curve indicates what?

What is this type of curve seen with?

A
  • Exposure followed by “waves” of secondary and tertiary cases.
  • Contagious diseases
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11
Q

What are 3 things a common source single point exposure epidemic curve show you?

A
  • All animals are exposed at once.
  • All are exposed to the same source of infection.
  • Not contagious.
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12
Q

What can a common source single point exposure epidemic curve determine?

A

The minimum, average and maximum incubation time.

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13
Q

What does a common source with intermittent exposure epidemic curve show you?

A
  • Animals are exposed at different times.
  • Exposed to the same source.
  • Incubation period is not clearly shown.
  • Not contagious.
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14
Q

The shape of the epidemiological curve depends on what 3 factors?

A
  • Host: immunity or other resistance to disease, direct transmission
  • Agent: infectiousness of agent, latent and incubation periods, duration of infectivity
  • Environment: especially important for indirect routes of transmission
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15
Q

What is endemic stability?

A

A situation in which all factors influencing disease are relatively stable, resulting in little fluctuation in disease incidence over time.

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16
Q

What are 3 factors of endemic stability?

A
  • New cases occur at a regular, usually low level.
  • Young individuals may enter the population.
  • Old individuals die or are removed.
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17
Q

T/F: Babesiosis generally causes severe symptoms in calves and mild symptoms in adults.

A

False - symptoms are generally mild in calves and severe in adults.

18
Q

What is a determinant?

A

Factors that help determine the probability, distribution or severity of a disease in an animal or population of animals.

19
Q

What is an example of a determinant?

A

Host susceptibility

20
Q

Why is it important to know what determinants are?

A
  • Identifies animals at particular risk.
  • Disease prevention.
  • Aid to differential diagnosis.
21
Q

What is a primary determinant?

A

A major contributing factor, usually a necessary one.

22
Q

What is a secondary determinant?

A

Factors that make the disease more or less likely; predisposing or enabling factors.

23
Q

What is an intrinsic determinant?

A

Determinants that are internal to the animal (age, breed, sex, etc.).

24
Q

What is an extrinsic determinant?

A

Determinants that are external to the animal (housing, medical treatment, etc.).

25
Q

T/F: Primary determinants must always be there in order for disease to occur.

A

True

26
Q

Name 6 extrinsic factors that can be associated with the agent.

A
  • Infectivity
  • Pathogenicity
  • Virulence
  • Immunogenicity
  • Mutation rate
  • Resistance
27
Q

Name 6 extrinsic factors associated with the environment.

A
  • Demographics
  • Climate
  • Housing
  • Crowding/density
  • Diet
  • Stress
28
Q

What are 4 things mutations can include?

A
  • Increased infectivity within typical hosts.
  • Ability to infect new species/populations of hosts.
  • Acquisition of new toxins.
  • Immune system evasion.
29
Q

What are 3 ways anti-microbial resistance can be obtained?

A
  • De novo
  • Through mutation
  • Lateral transfer from another organism
30
Q

What are 6 examples of intrinsic host factors?

A
  • Age
  • Sex & behavior
  • Genotype
  • Breed
  • Nutrition
  • Immunity
31
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A term describing the DNA sequence, or “type,” of an individual.

32
Q

T/F: Genetic diseases are entirely determined by genotype.

A

True

33
Q

T/F: Genetic susceptibilities are entirely determined by genotype.

A

False - They are partially determined by genotype and partially by other factors.

34
Q

Is breed a primary or secondary determinant?

A

Secondary

35
Q

Does overall health status alter susceptibility to diseases?

A

Yes

36
Q

Nutrition has a strong effect on what?

A

Immune system

37
Q

Is diet an intrinsic or extrinsic determinant?

A

Extrinsic

38
Q

Is the body condition score of an animal an extrinsic or intrinsic determinant?

A

Intrinsic

39
Q

Is the nutritional status of an animal an extrinsic or intrinsic determinant?

A

Intrinsic

40
Q

Is a vaccine an intrinsic or extrinsic determinant?

A

Extrinsic

41
Q

Is the status of the body being immune an intrinsic or extrinsic determinant?

A

Intrinsic

42
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The idea that infectious diseases can be contained if the population’s resistance to infection is high enough.

43
Q

Does herd immunity protect individuals?

A

No

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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