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Epidemiology > 2-Zoonotic and Transboundary Diseases > Flashcards

2-Zoonotic and Transboundary Diseases Flashcards

0
Q

What is an acute highly infectious viral disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and wild cloven-hoofed animals, characterized by the formation of vesicular eruptions in the mouth and on the feet, esp. around the hooves?

A

Foot and Mouth Disease

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1
Q

What are 7 examples of USDA prohibited import diseases?

A
  • Foot and Mouth Disease
  • Classical Swine Fever
  • African Swine Fever
  • Swine Vesicular Disease
  • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
  • Exotic Newcastle Disease (vND)
  • Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
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2
Q

How many different serotypes of Foot and Mouth Disease are there?
How many “different” viruses?

A
  • 7

- 20-25

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3
Q

What is the reservoir for Foot and Mouth Disease?

What is a specific example?

A
  • Wildlife

- Cape Buffalo

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4
Q

What are 2 types of vaccines available for Foot and Mouth Disease?

A
  • Killed

- Experimental recombinant vaccines

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5
Q

What type of a host are sheep and goats with FMD?

What type of a carrier?

A
  • Maintenance

- Pharyngeal tissue 4-6 months

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6
Q

What type of a host are pigs for FMD?

What type of a carrier?

A
  • Amplifier

- Not a carrier

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7
Q

What type of a host are cattle for FMD?

What type of a carrier?

A
  • Indicator

- Pharyngeal tissue 6-24 months

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8
Q

What are 3 examples of clinical signs of FMD seen in sheep and goats?

A
  • Fever
  • Lameness
  • Oral lesions
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9
Q

What makes the diagnosis and prevention of spread of FMD in sheep and goats difficult?

A

Clinical signs are often mild.

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10
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of FMD in pigs?

A
  • Hoof lesions
  • Snout vesicles
  • Oral vesicles
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11
Q

Are FMD hoof lesions in pigs more or less severe than they are in cattle?

A

More severe in pigs.

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12
Q

Which FMD clinical sign in pigs is very painful and can be found around the coronary band, heel or interdigital space?

A

Hoof lesions

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13
Q

What are 6 clinical signs that can be seen with FMD in cattle?

A
  • Oral lesions (vesicles)
  • Excess salivation
  • Drooling
  • Nasal discharge
  • Lethargy
  • Loss of body condition
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14
Q

Where are 6 possible locations of oral lesions seen in cattle with FMD?

A
  • Tongue
  • Dental pad
  • Gums
  • Soft palate
  • Nostrils
  • Muzzle
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15
Q

What do teat lesions seen with FMD in cattle lead to?

A

Decreased milk production.

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16
Q

Where are 2 possible locations of hoof lesions seen with FMD in cattle?
What are 2 other clinical signs that can be seen in relation to the hoof lesions?

A
  • Interdigital space, coronary band

- Lameness, reluctant to move

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17
Q

What virus causes Rinderpest?

A

Paramyxovirus

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18
Q

Rinderpest is a disease of which species?

A

Ruminants (esp. cattle)

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19
Q

Which disease is characterized by fever, dysentery and inflammation of the mucous membranes?

A

Rinderpest

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20
Q

Does Rinderpest have a high mortality?

A

Yes, very high mortality.

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21
Q

How many strains of Rinderpest are there?

A

One

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22
Q

Are there any vaccines available for Rinderpest?

A

Yes, one

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23
Q

Do you see lifetime immunity with Rinderpest?

A

Yes

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24
Q

How is Rinderpest spread?

A

Almost exclusively by contact between infected and susceptible animals.

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25
Q

T/F: Rinderpest has been eradicated world-wide.

A

True

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26
Q

What are 7 clinical signs seen with the classic form of Rinderpest?

A
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Anorexia
  • Constipation followed by hemorrhagic diarrhea
  • Serous to mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge
  • Necrosis and erosion of the oral mucosa
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
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27
Q

Death form Rinderpest is seen within how many days?

A

6-12 days

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28
Q

What is a highly infectious, often fatal disease of swine caused by a flavivirus (genus Pestivirus) and characterized by fever, loss of appetite, weakness, erythematous lesions especially in light-skinned animals and severe leukopenia?

A

Classical Swine Fever

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29
Q

Low pathogenicity isolates of Classical Swine Fever can be seen where?

A

Americas

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30
Q

How many strains of Classical Swine Fever are there?

A

One

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31
Q

Are there vaccines available for Classical Swine Fever?

A

Yes, one

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32
Q

Do you see lifetime immunity with Classical Swine Fever?

A

Yes

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33
Q

How is Classical Swine Fever spread?

A

Almost exclusively by direct contact between infected and susceptible animals.

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34
Q

What are 9 clinical signs seen with the acute form of Classical Swine Fever?

A
  • High fever (105F)
  • Huddling, weakness
  • Anorexia
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Diarrhea
  • Staggering
  • Cyanosis
  • Skin hemorrhages
  • Death
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35
Q

What is an acute highly contagious usually fatal disease of swine that is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus (genus Asfivirus, family Asfarviridae), that resembles but is more severe than CSF, and that is indigenous to Africa?

A

African Swine Fever

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36
Q

Which virus causes Classical Swine Fever?

A

Flavivirus genus Pestivirus

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37
Q

Which virus causes African Swine Fever?

A

Asfivirus, family Asfarviridae

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38
Q

What is the reservoir for African Swine Fever?

A

Warthogs, other suidae

39
Q

How many strains of African Swine Fever are there?

A

Multiple strains

40
Q

Is there any cross-protection between the different strains of African Swine Fever?

A

No cross-protection

41
Q

Is there a vaccine for African Swine Fever?

A

No

42
Q

What are 7 clinical signs seen with acute African Swine Fever?

A
  • High fever
  • Moderate anorexia
  • Erythema, cyanosis
  • Recumbency
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • Abortion
  • Death
43
Q

What is the incubation period for acute African Swine Fever?

A

<5 to 19 days

44
Q

Are there vaccines available for Swine Vesicular Disease?

A

No

45
Q

Swine Vesicular Disease is caused by a single-stranded icosahedral RNA virus found in what viral family?

A

Picornaviridae

46
Q

The virus that causes Swine Vesicular Disease is antigenically related to which human virus?

A

Coxsackievirus B5

47
Q

Is the virus that causes Swine Vesicular Disease related to other known porcine enteroviruses?

A

No

48
Q

T/F: The virus that causes Swine Vesicular Disease can only survive for short periods of time in the environment.

A

False - It can survive for long periods in the environment.

49
Q

The virus causing Swine Vesicular Disease is resistant to heat up to what temperature?
In what pH range?

A
  • 157F/69C

- pH from 2.5 to 12

50
Q

How long can the virus that causes Swine Vesicular Disease survive in dried, salted or smoke meat?

A

Up to 2 years

51
Q

Is Swine Vesicular Disease contagious?

A

Yes, highly contagious

52
Q

Does Swine Vesicular Disease have a low or high mortality rate?

A

Low - up to 10% in piglets

53
Q

Can you see persistent infection with Swine Vesicular Disease?

A

No

54
Q

Are there protective antibodies present post-infection with Swine Vesicular Disease?

A

Yes

55
Q

Does Swine Vesicular Disease have a lower or higher morbidity compared to FMD?
Are the lesions less or more severe?

A
  • Lower

- Less

56
Q

What are 4 diseases that can cause vesicle formation on the snout of pigs?

A
  • Swine Vesicular Disease
  • Foot and Mouth Disease
  • Vesicular Stomatitis
  • Vesicular Exanthema
57
Q

What is the incubation period for bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

A

2 to 8 years

58
Q

What are 4 initial neurological signs that can be seen with bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

A
  • Apprehension
  • Fear
  • Easily startled
  • Depressed
59
Q

What are 6 clinical signs that can be seen in the final stages of bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

A
  • Excitable
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Hypermetria (ataxia where movements overreach intended goal)
  • Ataxia
  • Muscle fasciculation
  • Tremors
60
Q

What is the most likely form of transmission with BSE?

A

Ingestion of BSE contaminated feed.

61
Q

What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen with the terminal state of BSE?

A
  • Decreases rumination

- Loss of body weight and condition despite good appetite

62
Q

Are there any forms of treatment available for BSE?

A

No

63
Q

Are there vaccines available for BSE?

A

No

64
Q

What is the morbidity range of BSE?

The mortality rate?

A
  • 2-3%

- 100%

65
Q

What are 3 forms of virulent Newcastle Disease?

A
  • Mesogenic
  • Velogenic neurotropic
  • Velogenic viscerotropic
66
Q

Which type of virulent Newcastle Disease is called Exotic Newcastle Disease in the US?

A

Velogenic viscerotropic

67
Q

What are 6 ways vND transmitted?

A
  • Direct contact with feces
  • Respiratory secretions
  • Feed, water
  • Equipment
  • Human clothing
  • Contaminated or incompletely inactivated vaccines
68
Q

What is a major clinical sign seen with vND?

A

Drop in egg production

69
Q

When are deaths seen with vND?

How long do they continue for?

A
  • 24 to 48 hours

- 7 to 10 days

70
Q

Birds surviving vND may have what 2 signs?

A
  • Neurological

- Reproductive damage

71
Q

Is vaccination available for vND?

A

Yes

72
Q

What does the vND vaccine reduce?

What does it not prevent?

A
  • Clinical signs

- Does not prevent virus replication or shedding

73
Q

vND vaccination is not an alternative to what 3 things?

A
  • Good management
  • Biosecurity
  • Good hygiene
74
Q

What genus and family is Avian influenza virus in?

A
  • Genus: Influenzavirus A

- Family: Orthomyxoviridae

75
Q

Avian Influenza is classified into subtypes based on what?

A

Surface antigens

76
Q

What are the 2 types of surface antigens seen with Avian Influenza?
How many types are there of each?

A
  • Hemagglutinin: 16 types

- Neuraminidase: 9 types

77
Q

What does high pathogenicity avian influenza cause?

Which 2 subtypes are involved?

A
  • Severe disease, mortality in poultry

- H5 or H7

78
Q

What does low pathogenicity avian influenza cause?

Which H subtypes are seen?

A
  • Causes mild disease in poultry.

- 1-16

79
Q

What can happen with LPAI H5 or H7 subtypes?

A

Can mutate into HPAI.

80
Q

Small changes in influenza virus due to point mutations accumulated during virus replication are known as what?

A

Antigenic drift

81
Q

Abrupt change in virus subtype caused by genetic reassortment between subtypes, direct transfer of virus or re-emergence of virus is known as what?

A

Antigenic shift

82
Q

What are 3 types of birds that can be affected by HPAI?

A
  • Wild birds: waterfowl, shorebirds
  • Cage birds: passerines
  • Poultry
83
Q

What are 8 examples of mammals that can be affected by HPAI?

A
  • Pigs
  • Horses
  • Mink
  • Cats
  • Dogs
  • Ferrets
  • Stone martens
  • Palm civets
84
Q

What are 3 requirements for avian influenza to be considered epidemic?
Which strain has not met the third criteria in humans?

A
  • New influenza subtype emerges
  • AI must produce disease in that species
  • Sustainable transmission must occur within new host species
  • Asian lineage H5N1
85
Q

Are vaccines routinely used in the US for AI?

A

No

86
Q

What type of vaccine is used with AI?

A

Autogenous vaccines

87
Q

Which disease requires approval of the state veterinarian and USDA for vaccine use?

A

Avian influenza for H5 and H7

88
Q

Will AI vaccination prevent virus shedding?

A

It may not prevent virus shedding.

89
Q

What strategy is used to recognize field viruses in vaccinated flocks?

A

Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA)

90
Q

What are 5 examples of USDA prevention activities for avian influenza?

A
  • Import restrictions: no live birds or bird products from infected countries.
  • Increasing surveillance of wild birds.
  • National H5 and H7 control program.
  • Training for disease recognition.
  • Improving diagnostics for rapid detection.
91
Q

The USDA monitors interstate movement for what 8 diseases?

A
  • Bovine Tuberculosis (White tail deer)
  • Bovine Brucellosis (Bison)
  • Scrapie
  • Johne’s Disease
  • Chronic Wasting Disease
  • Exotic Newcastle Disease
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia
  • Pseudorabies
92
Q

What are 15 diseases that are on the OIE List A of notifiable disease?

A
  • Foot and Mouth
  • Swine vesicular Disease
  • Peste des petits ruminants
  • Lumpy skin disease
  • Bluetongue
  • African horse sickness
  • Classical swine fever
  • Newcastle disease
  • Vesicular stomatitis
  • Rinderpest
  • Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
  • Rift Valley fever
  • Sheep pox and goat pox
  • African swine fever
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza
93
Q

Approximately what percentage of recently emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are diseases of animal origin?

A

75%

94
Q

Approximately what percentage of all human pathogens are zoonotic?

A

60%

95
Q

What are 2 ways to control human disease from zoonotic diseases?

A
  • Animal vaccination

- Disease “eradication”

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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