Supplemental Questions: Exam 2 Flashcards
Thanks Tucker, Matt, and Kaitlyn!
Question
Answer
The act of breaking down food into simple substances is […]
The act of breaking down food into simple substances is digestion
Muscular contractions moving food through the intestines is called […]
Muscular contractions moving food through the intestines is called peristalsis
Food remains in the stomach for […] hours
Food remains in the stomach for 2-8 hours
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the […]
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Bile is produced by the […] and stored in the gallbladder
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream in the […] intestine
Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine
The […] intestine is primarily responsible for removing water and electrolytes
The large intestine is primarily responsible for removing water and electrolytes
The […] is a storage area for feces
The rectum is a storage area for feces
Remaining food is converted to feces in the […]
Remaining food is converted to feces in the large intestine
Macronutrients are consumed in large amounts and include […]
Macronutrients are consumed in large amounts and include protein, carbs, and fat
Micronutrients are […]
Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals
Proteins provide the body essential […] neede for repair
Proteins provide the body essential amino acids neede for repair
Carbohydrates are converted to […] and provide energy for the body
Carbohydrates are converted to sugar and provide energy for the body
The ability of a food to raise the body’s blood sugar is […]
The ability of a food to raise the body’s blood sugar is glycemic index
[…] help the body absorb vitamins while providing energy
Fats help the body absorb vitamins while providing energy
Trans fats are generally found in […]
Trans fats are generally found in processed foods
Saturated fats are found in […]
Saturated fats are found in animal products
Nuts, olives, olive oil, and avocados contain […] fats
Nuts, olives, olive oil, and avocados contain monounsaturated fats
[…] are not produced by the body and must be obtained by diet
Vitamins are not produced by the body and must be obtained by diet
2 hours after a meal a CBG should be […] mg/dL
2 hours after a meal a CBG should be 140-180 mg/dL
A normal BMI is […]
A normal BMI is 18.5-24.9
A BMI over […] is considered obese
A BMI over 30 is considered obese
[…] protect cells against free radicals
Antioxidants protect cells against free radicals
A […] contains foods that are easy to digest, low in fiber, and can be swallowed easily
A soft diet contains foods that are easy to digest, low in fiber, and can be swallowed easily
A […] is foods that do not need to be chewed
A pureed diet is foods that do not need to be chewed
A […] contains only fluid
A full liquid diet contains only fluid
[…] contains only foods that can be seen through
Clear liquid diets contains only foods that can be seen through
Decreased sodium, portions, and unhealthy fats while increasing fruits and veg, whole grains, and low fat protein is a […]
Decreased sodium, portions, and unhealthy fats while increasing fruits and veg, whole grains, and low fat protein is a heart healthy diet
A healthy adults should not consume more than […] of sodium
A healthy adults should not consume more than 2300 mg of sodium
A […] encouraged pt’s to monitor intake of potassium, phosphorous, and sodium
A renal diet encouraged pt’s to monitor intake of potassium, phosphorous, and sodium
Folic acid supplements lower […]
Folic acid supplements lower birth defects
[…] aspiration presents with obvious symptoms such as cough or dyspnea
Overt aspiration presents with obvious symptoms such as cough or dyspnea
[…] aspiration has no obvious symptoms
Silent aspiration has no obvious symptoms
Stage 1 […] fluid will freely run off a spoon and leave a coating
Stage 1 Nectar like fluid will freely run off a spoon and leave a coating
Stage 2 […] fluid will slowly drip off a spoon
Stage 2 Honey like fluid will slowly drip off a spoon
Stage 3 […] fluid will not run off a spoon
Stage 3 spoon-thick fluid will not run off a spoon
[…] are tools or equipment that help a client perform activities more easily
Assistive devices are tools or equipment that help a client perform activities more easily
Insulin is created by the […] in the pancreas
Insulin is created by the beta cells in the pancreas
Insulin should be given at least […] away from the umbilicus
Insulin should be given at least two inches away from the umbilicus
[…] are primarily used for feeding
Nasoduodenal tubes are primarily used for feeding
[…] are used when pt’s cant tolerate food in the stomach or have delayed gastric emptying
Nasojejunal tubes are used when pt’s cant tolerate food in the stomach or have delayed gastric emptying
pH of stomach contents should be below […]
pH of stomach contents should be below 6.0
Parenteral nutrition is provided […]
Parenteral nutrition is provided IV
Total parenteral nutrition patients need frequent […]
Total parenteral nutrition patients need frequent CBG checks
Net Carbs = Carbs - […]
Net Carbs = Carbs - fiber and sugar alcohol
Tube feedings should be administered with the HOB at an angle of […] degrees
Tube feedings should be administered with the HOB at an angle of 30-45 degrees
Placement of a feeding tube should be checked every […]
Placement of a feeding tube should be checked every four hours
A BMI opf less than […] is underweight
A BMI opf less than 18.5 is underweight
Woman should consume […] of fiber and 38g for men
Woman should consume 20g of fiber and 38g for men
Woman should consume 20g of fiber and […] for men
Woman should consume 20g of fiber and 38g for men
NG tube lower border is the […]
NG tube lower border is the Xiphoid process
Whole grain food is high in […]
Whole grain food is high in Phosporous
Brittle hair and hair loss can be cause by […] deficiencies
Brittle hair and hair loss can be cause by protein intake deficiencies
Pt’s should not be on a […] for more than a few days due to inadequate nutrition
Pt’s should not be on a clears diet for more than a few days due to inadequate nutrition
Enabling control over clients general health is […]
Enabling control over clients general health is health promotion
Decreased anxiety, self-managed care, feelings of empowerment, and fewer unpleasant hospital experiences are all benefits of […]
Decreased anxiety, self-managed care, feelings of empowerment, and fewer unpleasant hospital experiences are all benefits of client education
The thinking domain is knows as the […] domain
The thinking domain is knows as the cognitive domain
The six stages of the cognitive domain are KCA & ASE knowledge, comprehension, application and […]
The six stages of the cognitive domain are KCA & ASE knowledge, comprehension, application and analysis, synthesis, evaluation
The six stages of the cognitive domain are KCA & ASE […] and analysis, synthesis, evaluation
The six stages of the cognitive domain are KCA & ASE knowledge, comprehension, application and analysis, synthesis, evaluation
Recalling prior learned knowledge […]
Recalling prior learned knowledge Knowledge
Understanding and interpretation of information […]
Understanding and interpretation of information Comprehension
The ability to use data […]
The ability to use data application
The breakdown of information to understand it’s structure […]
The breakdown of information to understand it’s structure Analysis
Putting the elements together to create a new whole […]
Putting the elements together to create a new whole synthesis
Deciding the ideal of the ideas […]
Deciding the ideal of the ideas evaluation
The […] domain is based on emotions and involves the clients feelings
The affective domain is based on emotions and involves the clients feelings
The […] domain is based on action
The psychomotor domain is based on action
Relevance, Self-directed, Life-experience, Readiness, Task-Centered, and motivation are […]
Relevance, Self-directed, Life-experience, Readiness, Task-Centered, and motivation are Knowles fundamental prinicipals of learning
[…] is the clients ability to obtain, read, and understand the health information necessary to support decisions regarding their care
Health Literacy is the clients ability to obtain, read, and understand the health information necessary to support decisions regarding their care
Impaired cognition, language barriers, visusal and hearing impairements, emotional concerns, and cultural differences are examples of […]
Impaired cognition, language barriers, visusal and hearing impairements, emotional concerns, and cultural differences are examples of barriers to learning
The affective domain stages are RR VOC […] Valuing, Organization, Characterization
The affective domain stages are RR VOC Receiving, Responding Valuing, Organization, Characterization
The affective domain stages are RR VOC Receiving, Responding […]
The affective domain stages are RR VOC Receiving, Responding Valuing, Organization, Characterization
The psychomotor domain has seven stages PSG MCAO Perception, Set, Guided response […]
The psychomotor domain has seven stages PSG MCAO Perception, Set, Guided response Mechanism, Complex overt response, Adaptation, Origination
The psychomotor domain has seven stages PSG MCAO […] Mechanism, Complex overt response, Adaptation, Origination
The psychomotor domain has seven stages PSG MCAO Perception, Set, Guided response Mechanism, Complex overt response, Adaptation, Origination
Elements of the teaching process are AAPIE Assessment, Analysis (RN only) […]
Elements of the teaching process are AAPIE Assessment, Analysis (RN only) Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Elements of the teaching process are AAPIE […] Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Elements of the teaching process are AAPIE Assessment, Analysis (RN only) Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
[…] includes identifyinf expected outcomes, goals, or client education
Planning phase includes identifyinf expected outcomes, goals, or client education
SMART Goals are […]
SMART Goals are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Timed
Client understanding of why education is needed and how they will benefit is […]
Client understanding of why education is needed and how they will benefit is relevance
Something that hinders learning is a […]
Something that hinders learning is a Barrier to entry
The optimal learning environment is […]
The optimal learning environment is low stimulus
Helpful information provided to the client to aid in the improvement of client education is […]
Helpful information provided to the client to aid in the improvement of client education is feedback
Personal perception or sterotype regarding situations, people, or actions is […]
Personal perception or sterotype regarding situations, people, or actions is self-bias
[…] care is involving and educating the client through the nursing process
Client centered care is involving and educating the client through the nursing process
Cells formed in the basal layer of the skin that function to protect the skin from the external environment are […]
Cells formed in the basal layer of the skin that function to protect the skin from the external environment are keratinocytes
[…] absorb radiant energy from the sun and protect skin from UV light
Melanin absorb radiant energy from the sun and protect skin from UV light
[…] in the skin detect light touch
Merkel cells in the skin detect light touch
[…] in the skin ingest and package foreign antigens to be presented to lymphocytes
Langerhans cells in the skin ingest and package foreign antigens to be presented to lymphocytes
The […] is composed of connective tissue, blood, and lymph vessels
The Dermis is composed of connective tissue, blood, and lymph vessels
The […] layer contains blood vessels and nerves
The Subcutaneous layer contains blood vessels and nerves
The skin helps to produce vitamins […]
The skin helps to produce vitamins A&D
Irritation of the skin caused by moisture is […]
Irritation of the skin caused by moisture is Maceration
Localized damage to the skin or the soft underlying tissue is a […]
Localized damage to the skin or the soft underlying tissue is a pressure injury
Redness of the skin due to dilation of blood vessels is […]
Redness of the skin due to dilation of blood vessels is erythema
Erythema is classified as either […]
Erythema is classified as either Blanchable or Non-blanchable
Surgical incisions should be red on days 1-4, […] on days 5-14, and pale pink from there out
Surgical incisions should be red on days 1-4, Bright pink on days 5-14, and pale pink from there out
Surgical incisions should be red on days 1-4, Bright pink on days 5-14, and […] from there out
Surgical incisions should be red on days 1-4, Bright pink on days 5-14, and pale pink from there out
Surgical incisions should be […] on days 1-4, Bright pink on days 5-14, and pale pink from there out
Surgical incisions should be red on days 1-4, Bright pink on days 5-14, and pale pink from there out
[…] is fluid consisting of plasma that is secreted by the body during the inflammatory phase of healing
Exudate is fluid consisting of plasma that is secreted by the body during the inflammatory phase of healing
MASD is […]
MASD is Moisture associated skin damage
Wounds are classified as […]
Wounds are classified as Acute or Chronic
Older adults, smokers, undernourished, immunosupressed, imobilized, or infected pts are risk factors for […]
Older adults, smokers, undernourished, immunosupressed, imobilized, or infected pts are risk factors for wounds
Three major categories of chronic lower extremity wounds: venous disease, […] and neuropathic disease
Three major categories of chronic lower extremity wounds: venous disease, arterial disease, and neuropathic disease
Three major categories of chronic lower extremity wounds: venous disease, arterial disease, and […]
Three major categories of chronic lower extremity wounds: venous disease, arterial disease, and neuropathic disease
Three major categories of chronic lower extremity wounds: […] arterial disease, and neuropathic disease
Three major categories of chronic lower extremity wounds: venous disease, arterial disease, and neuropathic disease
[…] would drainage indicates infection
purulent would drainage indicates infection
[…] is force exerted parallel to the skin
Shear is force exerted parallel to the skin
Risk factors for […] are immobility, malnutrition, reduced perfusion, altered sensation, and decreased LOC
Risk factors for pressure injuries are immobility, malnutrition, reduced perfusion, altered sensation, and decreased LOC
The […] is used to assess risk for tissue integrity
The Braden scale is used to assess risk for tissue integrity
Stage: […] Non blanchable erythema
Stage: 1 Non blanchable erythema
Stage: […] Partial thickness skin loss
Stage: 2 Partial thickness skin loss Pink or red viable tissue in the wound bed
Stage: […] Full-thickness skin loss, visible adipose tissue, granulation tissue.
Stage: 3 Full-thickness skin loss, visible adipose tissue, granulation tissue. Fascia, muscles, tendons, bone, ligament, and cartilage not visible
Stage: […] Full thickness skin and tissue loss.
Stage: 4 Full thickness skin and tissue loss. Fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone may be visible
Stage: […] Obscured by slough of eschar
Stage: unstageable Obscured by slough of eschar Eschar is either stage 3 or 4
[…] has a localized, non-blanchable, deep red, maroon/purple discoleration
Deep tissue pressure injury has a localized, non-blanchable, deep red, maroon/purple discoleration
Injuries cause by medical devices is called […]
Injuries cause by medical devices is called Medical device-related pressure injury
ET tubes, feeding tubes, and urinary catheters can cause […]
ET tubes, feeding tubes, and urinary catheters can cause mucosal membrane pressure injury
In darker skin skin temp and level of moisture may be the first sign of […]
In darker skin skin temp and level of moisture may be the first sign of pressure injury
Surgically removing dead tissue and other debris from a wound is […]
Surgically removing dead tissue and other debris from a wound is debridement
Biological debridement with […] can be used when pt’s are not surgical candidates
Biological debridement with collagenase or larvae can be used when pt’s are not surgical candidates
Wound require a […] wound bed for healing
Wound require a moist wound bed for healing
Wound drains are normally removed when the 24 hours drainage is between […]
Wound drains are normally removed when the 24 hours drainage is between 30 and 100 mL
Drains are classified as […]
Drains are classified as open or closed Penrose is open
Wound drainage should be sanguineous after placement, and progressively become more […]
Wound drainage should be sanguineous after placement, and progressively become more Serosanguineous
Wound drainage should be […] after placement, and progressively become more Serosanguineous
Wound drainage should be sanguineous after placement, and progressively become more Serosanguineous
Risk minimizing for pressure injuries: Bed lower than […], pressure relieving beds, protection of bony prominences
Risk minimizing for pressure injuries: Bed lower than 30 degrees, pressure relieving beds, protection of bony prominences
Risk minimizing for pressure injuries: Bed lower than 30 degrees, pressure relieving beds, protection of […]
Risk minimizing for pressure injuries: Bed lower than 30 degrees, pressure relieving beds, protection of bony prominences
Protein, Omega 3 and 6 FA, vitamins A&C are essential for […]
Protein, Omega 3 and 6 FA, vitamins A&C are essential for wound healing
Hydration, nutrition, hygeine, circulation are […]
Hydration, nutrition, hygeine, circulation are universal skin care measures
Wound healing that occurs in clean lacerations and surgical incisions is […]
Wound healing that occurs in clean lacerations and surgical incisions is primary healing
Wounds left open to heal and granulation tissue forms from the bottom up is […]
Wounds left open to heal and granulation tissue forms from the bottom up is secondary healing
Wounds left open for a period of time before a suture is placed is […]
Wounds left open for a period of time before a suture is placed is delayed primary closure
Three phases of wound healing: hemostatic/imflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and […]
Three phases of wound healing: hemostatic/imflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase
Three phases of wound healing: […] proliferative phase, and remodeling phase
Three phases of wound healing: hemostatic/imflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase
Three phases of wound healing: hemostatic/imflammatory phase, […] and remodeling phase
Three phases of wound healing: hemostatic/imflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase
Phase of wounding healing that begins immediately and lasts 3-6 days is […]
Phase of wounding healing that begins immediately and lasts 3-6 days is hemostatic/imflammatory
The […] phase of wound healing begins 3 days after injury and can last for 24 days
The proliferative phase of wound healing begins 3 days after injury and can last for 24 days
The […] phase of wound healing begins at day 21 and can last for years
The remodeling phase of wound healing begins at day 21 and can last for years
Antibiotics are recommended only for wounds that look […]
Antibiotics are recommended only for wounds that look clincally infected All wounds contain microbes but not all wounds are infected
[…] are related to operative procedures that occur within 30 days
Surgical site infections are related to operative procedures that occur within 30 days
SSIs are commonly caused by […] on the skin and can be reduced with chlorhexidine gluconate
SSIs are commonly caused by S. aureus on the skin and can be reduced with chlorhexidine gluconate
SSIs are commonly caused by S. aureus on the skin and can be reduced with […]
SSIs are commonly caused by S. aureus on the skin and can be reduced with chlorhexidine gluconate
Sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition and shear are parts of the […]
Sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition and shear are parts of the braden scale
[…] dressings are used for debridement of wounds with necrotized tissue and eschar
Hydrogel dressings are used for debridement of wounds with necrotized tissue and eschar
Phases of nursing process AD OPIE: […] Outcome and Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Phases of nursing process AD OPIE: Assessment, diagnosis Outcome and Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Phases of nursing process AD OPIE: Assessment, diagnosis […]
Phases of nursing process AD OPIE: Assessment, diagnosis Outcome and Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
The four phases of interview: PI MC […] Maintenance, Concluding
The four phases of interview: PI MC Prepatory, Introductory Maintenance, Concluding
The four phases of interview: PI MC Prepatory, Introductory […]
The four phases of interview: PI MC Prepatory, Introductory Maintenance, Concluding
Nursing diagnosis three parts: Diagnostic label, […] definining characteristic (as evidence by)
Nursing diagnosis three parts: Diagnostic label, related factors (related to/Associated with, definining characteristic (as evidence by)
Nursing diagnosis three parts: […] related factors (related to/Associated with, definining characteristic (as evidence by)
Nursing diagnosis three parts: Diagnostic label, related factors (related to/Associated with, definining characteristic (as evidence by)
Nursing diagnosis three parts: Diagnostic label, related factors (related to/Associated with, […]
Nursing diagnosis three parts: Diagnostic label, related factors (related to/Associated with, definining characteristic (as evidence by)
Types of interventions: Cognitive i.e. delegation, […] technical - Skills and nursing activity
Types of interventions: Cognitive i.e. delegation, Interpersonal - caregiving coordinating, technical - Skills and nursing activity
Types of interventions: […] Interpersonal - caregiving coordinating, technical - Skills and nursing activity
Types of interventions: Cognitive i.e. delegation, Interpersonal - caregiving coordinating, technical - Skills and nursing activity
Types of interventions: Cognitive i.e. delegation, Interpersonal - caregiving coordinating, […]
Types of interventions: Cognitive i.e. delegation, Interpersonal - caregiving coordinating, technical - Skills and nursing activity
The joint commission puts out […] every year
The joint commission puts out National Patient Safety Goals NPSG every year
VRE infection […]
VRE infection Vancomycin resistant enterococci
A […] is a potential error that was caught
A Near miss is a potential error that was caught
A […] is an unexpected event that occured with or without pt harm
A client safety event is an unexpected event that occured with or without pt harm
A […] is a critical adverse event that caused serious harm
A sentinel event is a critical adverse event that caused serious harm
Central Line Associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), CAUTI, SSI, and Vent associated pneumonia are the four hosputal acquired infections […]
Central Line Associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), CAUTI, SSI, and Vent associated pneumonia are the four hosputal acquired infections monitored by the CDC
[…] Reduce tim, increase distance, implement shielding
Raditation Safety Reduce tim, increase distance, implement shielding
Placing a client alone in a secure room to prevent harm is […]
Placing a client alone in a secure room to prevent harm is seclusion
Circulatory, respiratory, and skin integrity checks should be performed when […]
Circulatory, respiratory, and skin integrity checks should be performed when patients are restrained
Melatonin is produced by the […]
Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland
The two internal mechanisms that control sleep are […] and sleep-wake homeostasis
The two internal mechanisms that control sleep are circadian rhythm and sleep-wake homeostasis
The two internal mechanisms that control sleep are circadian rhythm and […]
The two internal mechanisms that control sleep are circadian rhythm and sleep-wake homeostasis
[…] is increased sleep latency and decreased total sleep
Insomnia is increased sleep latency and decreased total sleep
[…] is an autoimmune sleep disorder
Narcolepsy is an autoimmune sleep disorder
[…] is profound weakness when falling asleep
cataplexy is profound weakness when falling asleep
[…] is necessary for developing and maintaining new pathways for learning and memorization
Sleep is necessary for developing and maintaining new pathways for learning and memorization
Stage 2 NREM sleep accounts for […] of sleep
Stage 2 NREM sleep accounts for 50% of sleep
Stage 4 REM sleep accounts for […] of all sleep
Stage 4 REM sleep accounts for 20-25% of all sleep
[…] is receiving stimuli at a rate and intesity beyond the brains ability to process the stimuli in a meaningful way
Sensory overload is receiving stimuli at a rate and intesity beyond the brains ability to process the stimuli in a meaningful way
Heart disease, hypertension, endocrine dysfunction, and arthritis are all associated with […]
Heart disease, hypertension, endocrine dysfunction, and arthritis are all associated with insomnia
Sleep apnea is classified as […]
Sleep apnea is classified as central and obstructive
[…] is a brief loss of voluntary muscle tonetriggered by an emotional stimulus
Cataplexy is a brief loss of voluntary muscle tonetriggered by an emotional stimulus
RLS can occur in pts with […] deficiencies
RLS can occur in pts with iron or vitamin deficiencies
[…] is defined as obtaining relief from pain, negativity, and emotional/physical distress
Comfort is defined as obtaining relief from pain, negativity, and emotional/physical distress
Sleep and arousal commands come from the […]
Sleep and arousal commands come from the hypothalmus
Narcolepsy with cataplexy (NTI) is cause by low production of […]
Narcolepsy with cataplexy (NTI) is cause by low production of hypocretin
The Thalmus tranmits images, sounds, and sensations to the […] which is used for dreams during REM
The Thalmus tranmits images, sounds, and sensations to the cerebral cortex which is used for dreams during REM
The […] tranmits images, sounds, and sensations to the cerebral cortex which is used for dreams during REM
The Thalmus tranmits images, sounds, and sensations to the cerebral cortex which is used for dreams during REM
Clients woken out of […] sleep will be cloudy
Clients woken out of stage 3 sleep will be cloudy
Irregular breathing and increased HR are a part of […] sleep
Irregular breathing and increased HR are a part of stage 4/REM sleep
The hunger reducing hormone is […]
The hunger reducing hormone is leptin
A reduction of absence of stimuli to one or more of the five senses is […]
A reduction of absence of stimuli to one or more of the five senses is Sensory deprivation
[…] pts are oversensitive to normal stimuli
Sensory processing disorder pts are oversensitive to normal stimuli
[…] is the most common cause of impaired vision in adulthood
Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of impaired vision in adulthood
[…] is the leading cause of blindness for pts over 65
Macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness for pts over 65
Hearing loss is categorized as […]
Hearing loss is categorized as Sensorineural, conductive, and mixed loss
[…] pt’s may be able to understand speech but will not be able to speal the words they want to say
Expressive aphasia pt’s may be able to understand speech but will not be able to speal the words they want to say Broca’s or nonfluent aphasia
[…] pt’s will often speak long sentences with no meaning and made up word
Comprehensive Aphasia pt’s will often speak long sentences with no meaning and made up word Fluent aphasia or Wernicke’s aphasia
[…] pts have poor comprehension of language and will be unable to form words or sentences
Global aphashia pts have poor comprehension of language and will be unable to form words or sentences
Stimuli from sensors in the skin is sent to the […]
Stimuli from sensors in the skin is sent to the thalamus
Pain signals are sent directly to the […]
Pain signals are sent directly to the brain
[…] are responsible for taste
Gustatory cells are responsible for taste
[…] is decreased ability to taste
Hypogeusia is decreased ability to taste
[…] is decreased ability to smell
Hyposmia is decreased ability to smell
Smell and taste disorders often occur […]
Smell and taste disorders often occur concurrently
[…] is loss of hearing that occurs due to aging
Presbycusis is loss of hearing that occurs due to aging
[…] is inflammation or fluid in the middle ear and can result in conductive hearing loss
Otitis media is inflammation or fluid in the middle ear and can result in conductive hearing loss
Increased intraocular pressure that compresses the optic nerve is […]
Increased intraocular pressure that compresses the optic nerve is glaucoma
[…] makes pts hypersensitive to normal stimuli
Sensory Processing disorder makes pts hypersensitive to normal stimuli
Aging reduces the ability to taste […] flavors
Aging reduces the ability to taste sour, bitter, and salty flavors
Disease prevention can be categorized as […]
Disease prevention can be categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary
Primary prevention is used to […] problems
Primary prevention is used to prevent problems
Secondary prevention is […] for disease
Secondary prevention is screening for disease
Tertiary prevention aims to […] a disease process
Tertiary prevention aims to halt a disease process
Rickets is a lack of […]
Rickets is a lack of vitamin D
B1 (thiamine) deficiency is […]
B1 (thiamine) deficiency is beri beri Affects cardiac and muscles
B2 deficiency is called […]
B2 deficiency is called cheilosis Vision and cracked lips
B3 (niacin) deficiency is […]
B3 (niacin) deficiency is pellagra Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
B9 (folic acid) deficiency is […]
B9 (folic acid) deficiency is neural tube defects, big red tongue
B12 defficiency is […]
B12 defficiency is pernicious anemia
Vitamin C deficiency is […]
Vitamin C deficiency is scurvy & poor wound healing
Calcium deificiency is […]
Calcium deificiency is rickets
Calcium aids clotting by converting […]
Calcium aids clotting by converting prothrombin to thrombin
Mechanical process of digestion MDC CPS […] Churning (small instestine, peristalsis, Stored until evacuation
Mechanical process of digestion MDC CPS Mastication, deglutition, churning (stomach) Churning (small instestine, peristalsis, Stored until evacuation
Mechanical process of digestion MDC CPS Mastication, deglutition, churning (stomach) […]
Mechanical process of digestion MDC CPS Mastication, deglutition, churning (stomach) Churning (small instestine, peristalsis, Stored until evacuation
Fats are absorbed into the […]
Fats are absorbed into the lymphatic system
[…] is a sensetive and specific marker for fnutritional status
prealbumin is a sensetive and specific marker for fnutritional status
Chemical and electrical fires are sprayed with […]
Chemical and electrical fires are sprayed with CO2 and dry chemical
Metal fires are sprayed with […]
Metal fires are sprayed with powder
Sensory perception is facilitated by the […]
Sensory perception is facilitated by the reticular activating system
Insomnia, anxiety, restlessness, decreased concentration are all signs of […]
Insomnia, anxiety, restlessness, decreased concentration are all signs of sensory overload
Confusion, depression, delerium, and hallucinations are signs of […]
Confusion, depression, delerium, and hallucinations are signs of sensory deprevation
When helping a blind person ambulate, stand on the […] side
When helping a blind person ambulate, stand on the non dominant side
Erythema, edema, warmth, pain, and functional impairment are signs of […]
Erythema, edema, warmth, pain, and functional impairment are signs of local inflammation
Increase WBC, fever, malaise, muscle aches, anorexia, and sepsis are signs of […]
Increase WBC, fever, malaise, muscle aches, anorexia, and sepsis are signs of systemic inflammation
Endotoxins are released by […]
Endotoxins are released by bacteria
SIRS criteria notes WBC counts […]
SIRS criteria notes WBC counts >12,000 or <4,000
Levels of discharge planning are […]
Levels of discharge planning are basic/universal, simple referral, complex referral
Patients are not involved in […] referrals
Patients are not involved in complex referrals
There are […] levels of dyspnea
There are 4 levels of dyspnea
Level […] dyspnea is SOB while performing daily activities
Level 3 dyspnea is SOB while performing daily activities
Moderate hypoxemia is a PaO2 of […] mmHG
Moderate hypoxemia is a PaO2 of 40-60 mmHG
Formula for NC FiO2: […]
Formula for NC FiO2: 1LPM = 24%, add 4% for every additional LPM
Acute Oxygen toxicity wll present as […]
Acute Oxygen toxicity wll present as CNS and vision problems
[…] When verbal and non verbal comms match
Congruence: When verbal and non verbal comms match
[…] Putting yourself in someone elses shoes
Empathy: Putting yourself in someone elses shoes
[…] Avoiding judgment and labels
Positive regard: Avoiding judgment and labels
[…] Alter perception of event - switch from reactive to proactive
Cognitive reframing: Alter perception of event - switch from reactive to proactive
immunizations, birth control an drug education falls into which category of disease prevention?
primary (prevention!)
physicals, breast exams, vision exams and other screening tests fall into which category of disease prevention?
secondary
support groups + rehab fall into which category of disease prevention?
tertiary
possible indications of low literacy level
incomplete forms, inability to name meds, missed appointments
tips for successful teaching session tips
avoid medical terms, keep it 15-30 mins, have organized plan + keep it patient-focused
example of cognitive domain of learning
lecture
examples of affective domain of learning
simulation, role play
example of psychomotor domain of learning
demonstrating skill or task (ex: testing blood glucose)
in infant stage, learning is through _____
parents
in toddler stage, learning is through ____
play
in school age stage, learning is through _____
rewards
in adolescent stage, learning is through _____
autonomy
what macronutrient helps to synthesize vitamin K and vitamin B12?
carbohydrates
which nutrient promotes peristalsis and healthy bowel movements?
fiber
what is a normal fasting blood glucose?
60-80
functions of proteins
wound healing, hemoglobin, insulin, albumin, growth, energy
you would see _____ nitrogen balance with periods of growth
positive
you would see _____ nitrogen balance with periods of disease state, wounds, immobility
negative
fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
deficiency of vitamin A
keratinization, xeropthalmia
which vitamin helps with absorption of calcium?
vitamin D
deficiency of vitamin D leads to what 3 things?
rickets, osteomalacia, tetany (low Ca)
which vitamin protects vitamin A?
vitamin E
deficiency of vitamin E causes what?
hemolysis of RBCs –> anemia
vitamin K helps with what?
clotting factors (so a deficiency can lead to increased clotting time / bleeding issues)
which 2 vitamins are concerning for falls in patients re: injury?
vitamin E + K
what are the water soluble vitamins?
vitamin C + B vitamins
B1 =
thiamine
B2 =
riboflavin
B3 =
niacin
B9 =
folic acid
B12 =
cyanocobalamin
deficiency of thiamine is called
beri beri (affects cardiac + muscle)
deficiency of riboflavin is called
cheilosis (cracking/fissures in mouth)
deficiency of niacin is called
pellagra
pellagra causes what s+s?
3 D’s - dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis
deficiency of folic acid can cause what?
birth defects
deficiency of B12 can cause what?
pernicious / macrocytic anemia
which population/eating style is most at risk for B12 deficiency?
vegetarians or vegans
which vitamin assists with iron absorption?
vitamin C
deficiency of vitamin C is called what? what else can it cause?
scurvy can also cause poor wound healing, anemia, infection risk
calcium assist with what 3 things?
- cardiac function2. prothrombin –> thrombin3. nerve impulse
deficiency of calcium is called what?
rickets (bowed legs)
digestion steps
mastication, deglutition, churning in stomach, churning in small intestine, peristalsis in large intestine
which nutritional components are absorbed through intestinal capillaries?
proteins, carbs, simple sugars
which nutritional components are absorbed through lymphatic capillaries?
fats
where is glucose stored short term?
liver
where is glucose stored long term?
adipose tissue
what is excreted through lungs?
H2O + CO2
signs of poor nutrition with swollen gums and bleeding could be from deficiency of what nutrient?
vitamin C
what is a very sensitive and specific marker for nutritional status? (lab)
pre-albumin
for enteral feedings, HOB should be at what degree?
30-45, but 90 is OPTIMAL
only definitive way to test placement of feeding tube?
xray
clinical reasoning involves using what?
evidence based practice
what happens during assessment?
collecting data on client’s health status
what are the 3 components of the assessment?
interview, physical exam, observation
objective vs subjective?
objective = observable/measurable subjective = “I feel” statements by client
establishing rapport and clarifying roles happens during what phase of interview process?
introductory phase
encouraging expression of feelings happens during what phase of interview process?
concluding phase
components of physical assessment?
inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
nursing diagnosis definition; give example
a human response to an actual or potential healthcare problem; ex: constipation, risk for infection
components of complete nursing diagnosis statement
diagnostic label, r/t factors and defining characteristics (AEB)
what is the PES version of nursing diagnosis statement?
Problem, Etiology, Signs+Symptoms
re: nursing process, outcomes need to be what? (3 things)
measurable, realistic, patient-focused
which component of the nursing process helps to guide nursing activities and where you establish priority?
planning
which component of the nursing process is the action phase and where nursing care is provided?
implementation
if during evaluation, you determine the intervention was UNsuccessful, what should happen?
reassess patient and create new plan/try again
which tasks can be delegated ? what kind of tasks should never be delegated ?
CAN be delegated - psychomotorCANNOT - anything involving teaching, assessment, evaluation, clinical judgment
describe stage 1 pressure ulcer
non-blanchable redness, skin intact
describe stage 2 pressure ulcer
top layer of epidermis is gone; partial thickness loss, open ulcer
describe stage 3 pressure ulcer
full thickness loss; subcutaneous tissue visible, slough + eschar may be present
describe stage 4 pressure ulcer
tendon, muscle, bone visible
describe what an unstageable pressure ulcer means
base of wound cannot be seen and therefore not staged
how often should people be repositioned?
q 2 hour
what are the phases of wound healing + times?
- hemostasis (immediate clot) - STAT2. inflammatory (dilation) - up to day 33. proliferation (new skin - epithelialization and granulation) - 3 days - weeks4. maturation - weeks - years
what is it called when an incision has separated?
dehiscence
what is it called when organs have protruded through abdomen?
evisceration
what is a tube like pathway between 2 organs or to outside of body called?
fistula
if there is a surgical wound, who is the only person that can remove the dressing?
surgeon!!
which fire extinguisher should you use for chemical or electrical fires?
CO2 + dry chemical
which fire extinguisher should you use for metals?
powder
how long it takes to fall asleep refers to what?
sleep latency
most vital signs and brain activity DECREASES during which cycle of sleep?
NON-REM
when does an infant’s circadian rhythm develop?
2-3 months
increased sleep latency and decreased overall time of sleep could be indicative of what?
insomnia
what is the autoimmune disorder marked by cataplexy + sleep attacks?
narcolepsy
what nutrient is extremely important to maintain with restless leg syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder?
iron :)
sensory perception is facilitated by which system?
reticular activating system
the reticular activating system facilitates what?
sensory perception
insomnia, restlessness, decreased ability to concentrate and anxiety could be caused by what?
sensory overload
confusion, depression, hallucinations, delirium could be caused by what?
sensory deprivation
describe how you would help a visually impaired person ambulate in the hospital
stand on their non-dominant side and have them use their non-dominant hand to hold onto your arm. keep their dominant hand free to explore environment
inflammatory response goal = ?
contain the microbe and limit the injury
5 signs of local inflammation
erythema, edema, pain, heat, functional impairment
5 signs of systemic inflammation
increased WBCs, fever, malaise, muscle aches, anorexia
what vital sign changes would you see with inflammatory response?
increased HR, RR, temp
endotoxins are released by which microbe? what do they do?
bacteriathey exacerbate the inflammatory response
with a compromised immune system, you may see what happen to the WBCs?
decreased level - this means they may not mount an expected immune response
re: infection, why do we worry about chronic stress (hyperglycemia)?
it’s a perfect environment for bacterial growth
re: stages of infection, when do you see non-specific symptoms and when do you see specific symptoms and lab tests would be ordered?
non-specific : prodromalspecific/labs: acute
what is sepsis?
systemic inflammatory response that can cause shock and decreased perfusion
s + s of SIRS? need 2 to call it
hyper or hypothermia, >90HR, >20RR, >12k or <4k WBC
what is leukocytosis?
increase in WBCs
a shift to the left is referring to what? when do we see this?
more immature granulocytes trying to fight infection b/c not enough neutrophils can be produced. we see this with prolonged/chronic infection
what’s an early sepsis indicator? this level will rise? (>4)
lactate
primary goal of home health care?
self-care and help them function on their own :)
home health care is all about what?
maintaining ADLs
re: discharge planning, what is basic/universal?
self care and illness teaching
re: discharge planning, what is simple referral?
referring to community resources
re: discharge planning, what is complex referral?
referring to discharge planner, LTCF, rehab facility
what is the priority (easiest/quickest) intervention for oxygenation issues?
raise HOB :)
what would you see clinically with elevated CO2 in the body?
tachypnea
what moves from the pulmonary artery to the alveoli?
CO2
what moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary atery?
O2
what is the reflexive response to airway irritation?
cough
level 1 SOB = ?
after walking self-paced mile
level 2 SOB = ?
after walking flight of stairs / 100 yds
level 3 SOB = ?
impacts ADLs***
level 4 SOB = ?
no activity
what is orthopnea?
SOB while lying down
what is tactile fremitus?
being able to hear the vibration of air against chest wall
what can increase tactile fremitus?
consolidation / fluid in the lungs
what can decrease tactile fremitus?
fluid in the pleural space
describe crackles
short, popping sounds - alveoli popping open - caused by fluid build up from pneumonia, CHF, pulmonary edema can’t be cleared by coughing
describe rhonchi
snoring, moaning sound - caused by obstruction or bronchitis - may be cleared by couching
describe wheeze
musical, high-pitched sound - caused by asthma or obstruction or emphysema
describe pleural friction rub
scratchy, grating sound - caused by inflammation of the pleura of lungs
O2 saturation goal for healthy person
> 95%
describe end tidal carbon monoxide monitoring
more accurate than pulse oximetry; real time data; attached to nasal cannula
are pulmonary functioning tests better for acute or chronic breathing issues?
chronic
for mild level of hypoxemia, what would you see for PaO2?
60-80
for mild level of hypoxemia, what would you see for SpO2?
91-95
for moderate level of hypoxemia, what would you see for PaO2?
40-60
for moderate level of hypoxemia, what would you see for SpO2?
74-91
for severe level of hypoxemia, what would you see for PaO2?
<40
for severe level of hypoxemia, what would you see for SpO2?
<74
what is the normal pH value?
3.5-4.5
what is the normal PaCO2 value?
35-45
what is the normal HCO3 value?
22-26
what is the normal PaO2 value?
80-100
what is the normal SpO2 value?
95-100%
what is the normal ETCO2? (end tidal)
35-45
re: oxygenation, if client has one bad lung, how should they be positioned?
bad lung UP, so it can perfuse and work some :)
ambulation + incentive spirometer can help to prevent what?
pneumonia and atelectasis
re: nasal cannula, what is % of O2 for 1L?
24%
re: nasal cannula, what is % of O2 for 2L?
28%
re: nasal cannula, what is % of O2 for 3L?
32%
re: nasal cannula, what is % of O2 for 4L?
36%
at how many liters of O2 therapy should you add humidifier?
at 4L
most common cause of stridor + intervention for it
tongue obstruction –> lay on side
The nurse is caring for a client with the following vital signs: Blood pressure 128 / 72 mm Hg Heart Rate 110 beats per minute Respiratory Rate 22 breaths per minute Oxygen saturation 98% Pain level: headache reported at a 2/10 Temperature: 40 degrees Celcius The PRN orders for the client include acetaminophen for fever, metoprolol for tachycardia, oxygen for hypoxia, and oxycodone for pain. Which intervention takes priority?
Acetaminophen The client has a fever, tachycardia, tachypnea and pain at a 2/10. A fever correlates with tachycardia and tachypnea and correcting the fever will address all of these concerns in addition to the headache. Metoprolol would only address the heart rate. Oxycodone would address pain and decrease respiratory rate. Oxygen may help with respiratory rate but with saturation of 98% oxygen is not indicated.
sleep latency […]
sleep latency how long it takes to fall asleep
sleep health (3) elements […]
sleep health (3) elements ∙Sleep latency ∙How often one wakes up ∙Is it easy to wake up
3 physical Consequences of poor sleep (what 3 things increase) […]
3 physical Consequences of poor sleep (what 3 things increase) ∙Increased blood pressure ∙Increased cortisol ∙Increased levels of cytokines
NREM vs REM NREM : tissue restorative processes REM: […]
NREM vs REM NREM : tissue restorative processes REM: cognitive restoration and memory
NREM vs REM NREM : […] REM: cognitive restoration and memory
NREM vs REM NREM : tissue restorative processes REM: cognitive restoration and memory
how long does it take average adult to reach REM? […]
how long does it take average adult to reach REM? 90 minutes
NREM VS REM and brain activity: […]
NREM VS REM and brain activity: NREM: decreases from awake. REM: increases in some areas compared to NREM
NREM vs REM HR and BP: NREM both decrease from wakefullness REM […]
NREM vs REM HR and BP: NREM both decrease from wakefullness REM increases compared to NREM and BP highly variable
NREM vs REM HR and BP: NREM […] REM increases compared to NREM and BP highly variable
NREM vs REM HR and BP: NREM both decrease from wakefullness REM increases compared to NREM and BP highly variable
What physiologic variabes decrease in NREM and which increase (when compared to wakefulness) ? Decrease (9): […] increase: (1) airway resistance
What physiologic variabes decrease in NREM and which increase (when compared to wakefulness) ? Decrease (9): brain activity, HR and BP, SNS activity, Muscle tone, Blood flow to the brain, respirations, body temp, swallowing increase: (1) airway resistance
What physiologic variabes decrease in NREM and which increase (when compared to wakefulness) ? Decrease (9): brain activity, HR and BP, SNS activity, Muscle tone, Blood flow to the brain, respirations, body temp, swallowing increase: (1) […]
What physiologic variabes decrease in NREM and which increase (when compared to wakefulness) ? Decrease (9): brain activity, HR and BP, SNS activity, Muscle tone, Blood flow to the brain, respirations, body temp, swallowing increase: (1) airway resistance
congruent communication vs incongruent communication […]
congruent communication vs incongruent communication when the verbal and the non verbal align is congruent and incongruent is when they don’t
What are some situations where communication may not occur? ∙When the patient is‚Ķ […]
What are some situations where communication may not occur? ∙When the patient is‚Ķ highly emotional, asleep, too many visits from HCP, defensive, showing manipulative or impulsive behaviors
3 phases of the nurse patient relationship […]
3 phases of the nurse patient relationship ∙Orientation ∙Working ∙Termination
What are the three elements of orientation, when/where does it occur? […]
What are the three elements of orientation, when/where does it occur? ∙Introduction occurs during report which should always be given at the bedside. ∙Agreements ∙Goal
Aspects of the working phase of nurse-pt relationship: […]
Aspects of the working phase of nurse-pt relationship: develop solution, nurse is advocate, nurse is coach,
aspects of the termination phase of the nurse pt relationship and when does it occur: […]
aspects of the termination phase of the nurse pt relationship and when does it occur: ∙Evaluate patient response to solutions ∙Discharge planning ∙when? end-of-shift or discharge
advocacy in the nurse pt relationship: […]
advocacy in the nurse pt relationship: AVOID “your doctor is right” mentality make sure pt has the needed knowledge facilitate communication between doctor and patient. make sure pt has access to other disciplines or treatments
what is empathy […]
what is empathy putting yourself in their shoes. feeling what they feel from their frame of reference
positive regard in nurse pt relationship: […]
positive regard in nurse pt relationship: accepting a patient as they are in a non judgemental way. IE the pt is not their disease.
3 elements of therapeutic communication: […]
3 elements of therapeutic communication: ∙Empathy Self Awareness and Self-Reflection ∙Positive regard
cognitive reframing: […]
cognitive reframing: alter your perception of something to a more positive light ie: instead of - what if I mess up med admin? think of : what can I do to prepare for med admin?
therapeutic techniques: offering self: […] open ended questions: […] opening remarks: […] restatement: repeating to ensure you understand reflection: a question directed at a patient to clarify what they mean. ie: this medicine is icky! You don’t like the way it tastes focusing: asking goal directed questions to direct the pt’s train of thought.
therapeutic techniques: offering self: making oneself available to listen to the patient ie, I will walk with you for awhile open ended questions: asking questions that envorage the patient to express concerns opening remarks: using general staements based upon observations to initiate dialogue restatement: repeating to ensure you understand reflection: a question directed at a patient to clarify what they mean. ie: this medicine is icky! You don’t like the way it tastes focusing: asking goal directed questions to direct the pt’s train of thought.
therapeutic techniques: offering self: making oneself available to listen to the patient ie, I will walk with you for awhile open ended questions: asking questions that envorage the patient to express concerns opening remarks: using general staements based upon observations to initiate dialogue restatement: […] reflection: […] focusing: […]
therapeutic techniques: offering self: making oneself available to listen to the patient ie, I will walk with you for awhile open ended questions: asking questions that envorage the patient to express concerns opening remarks: using general staements based upon observations to initiate dialogue restatement: repeating to ensure you understand reflection: a question directed at a patient to clarify what they mean. ie: this medicine is icky! You don’t like the way it tastes focusing: asking goal directed questions to direct the pt’s train of thought.
encouraging elaboration: […]
encouraging elaboration: helping patient to describe more fully their concerns or the thing you’re discussing
therapeutic techniques seeking clarification: […] silence:[…] summarizing: […] looking at alternatives: […]
therapeutic techniques seeking clarification: when you don’t understand what the pt is saying silence:allowing for a pause that gives nurse and patient time to think about convo summarizing: summarizing the important parts of a convo by condensing what was said. looking at alternatives: helps the patient see options. ie what will we do differently next tiem you feel sad?
Tips for communication with children and adolescents […]
Tips for communication with children and adolescents ∙Eye level ∙Speak gently and calm ∙Control body movements
tips for using an interpreter: […]
tips for using an interpreter: speak to patient directly, avoid using family member, allow plenty of time to have discussion
what to NOT do in pt communication(4) and relationships(2) […]
what to NOT do in pt communication(4) and relationships(2) false reassurances “you will be fine” giving advice changing the subject “lets stop talking about your past traume being moralistic “you are a good patient” non professional involvement in their lives savior menatlity, that the patient needs you to recieve the best care possible.
nonspecific natural defenses: […]
nonspecific natural defenses: skin, cilia, secretions(tears, gastric juice), inflammation, fever and phagocytosis
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, […] b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do […] basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? […] monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of […] t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? […]
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill […] eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
what is the action of each WBC neutrophils: what do they do, what do they kill phagocytes, generate fever. break down bacteria and parasites. eosinophils:what do they do increase in allergic reactions and parasitic conditions basophils: what do they do, what are they made of heparin and histamine in their granules unkown purpose t-lymphocytes: types? what do they do, what do they destroy, synthesis of antibodies. recognize antigens. destroy bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. stimulate b lymphcotes and macrophages. three types of them: helper, killer and supperssor. b- lymphocytes: what do they do ? make antibodies, humoral immunity, memory cells to produce lasting immunity to an antigen monocytes: what do they do ? cells that dispose of cell debris rise in late stage of acute infections
Inflammatory Response ∙What is the goal? […] ∙What are the five signs of local inflammation? ∙pain, edema, erythema, heat, func. impairment. HEP FE ∙What are the five signs of systemic inflammation? fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, sepsis, MFALS
Inflammatory Response ∙What is the goal? ∙isolate infectionand contain microorganisms ∙What are the five signs of local inflammation? ∙pain, edema, erythema, heat, func. impairment. HEP FE ∙What are the five signs of systemic inflammation? fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, sepsis, MFALS
Inflammatory Response ∙What is the goal? ∙isolate infectionand contain microorganisms ∙What are the five signs of local inflammation? ∙pain, edema, erythema, heat, func. impairment. HEP FE ∙What are the five signs of systemic inflammation? […]
Inflammatory Response ∙What is the goal? ∙isolate infectionand contain microorganisms ∙What are the five signs of local inflammation? ∙pain, edema, erythema, heat, func. impairment. HEP FE ∙What are the five signs of systemic inflammation? fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, sepsis, MFALS
Inflammatory Response ∙What is the goal? ∙isolate infectionand contain microorganisms ∙What are the five signs of local inflammation? […] ∙What are the five signs of systemic inflammation? fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, sepsis, MFALS
Inflammatory Response ∙What is the goal? ∙isolate infectionand contain microorganisms ∙What are the five signs of local inflammation? ∙pain, edema, erythema, heat, func. impairment. HEP FE ∙What are the five signs of systemic inflammation? fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, sepsis, MFALS
‚Ä¢What changes in our routine vital signs may we see with the inflammatory response? […]
•What changes in our routine vital signs may we see with the inflammatory response? increase HR, RR, temp
types of immunity ∙Cellular Immunity […] ∙Humoral Immunity ∙B lymphocytes have a memory and remain in lymphoid tissue to respond
types of immunity ∙Cellular Immunity ∙T cells have a memory of an antigen for a rapid response ∙Humoral Immunity ∙B lymphocytes have a memory and remain in lymphoid tissue to respond
types of immunity ∙Cellular Immunity ∙T cells have a memory of an antigen for a rapid response ∙Humoral Immunity […]
types of immunity ∙Cellular Immunity ∙T cells have a memory of an antigen for a rapid response ∙Humoral Immunity ∙B lymphocytes have a memory and remain in lymphoid tissue to respond
active vs passive immunity ∙Active Immunity (types) […] ∙Passive Immunity (types) […]
active vs passive immunity ∙Active Immunity (types) ∙Natural:get virus and body fights it off ∙Vaccination ∙Passive Immunity (types) ∙Placenta to fetus ∙Breast milk to newborn ∙Direct transfusion of antibodies
‚Ä¢Opportunistic infection ∙What type of antigen does this refer to? […]
‚Ä¢Opportunistic infection ∙What type of antigen does this refer to? an antigen that normally wouldn’t affect a healthy host
‚Ä¢Endotoxins ∙Released by which antigen?[…]
‚Ä¢Endotoxins ∙Released by which antigen?gram negative bacteria
‚Ä¢What does a compromised immune system mean? […]
•What does a compromised immune system mean? decrease in WBC count and the body can no longer effectively fight off infections
what can compromise a host? (5) […]
what can compromise a host? (5) ∙Impaired skin integrity ∙Impaired body function ∙Inadequate nutrition ∙Prolonged stress ∙Medicine or medical problems
Four Stages of an Infection […]
Four Stages of an Infection 1.Incubation: Pathogen enters, Initial symptoms 2. Prodromal: Vague nonspecific symptoms ie Nausea, fever, weakness, aches, pains 3. Acute Phase: Specific symptoms. Lab tests. Symptom resolution 4.Convalescence. Antibodies formed. Body returns to normal
sepsis: […]
sepsis: severe infection in the blood stream
what do endotoxins do in sepsis? […]
what do endotoxins do in sepsis? they induce septic shock
what is SIRS and what are its symptoms? […]
what is SIRS and what are its symptoms? sytemic inflammatory response two or more of these sxs in order to be SIRS fever or hypothermia tachycardia tachypnea change in WBC outside of normal range
consideration with fever in children: […]
consideration with fever in children: high fevers are more common in children because they can’t thermoregulate as well.
fever considerations in older adults : […]
fever considerations in older adults : fevers will rarely happen or not at all because hypothalamus function is more likely impaired.
fever after surgery, is it ok? […]
fever after surgery, is it ok? one day after surgery it’s normal, two days or more after surgery it’s thought to be abnormal
what happens during the flush/crisis phase of fever? […]
what happens during the flush/crisis phase of fever? shiver is decreasing and diaphoresis increasing
Pain and what the pain type may indicate when swallowing? […] when peeing? […] when breathing? […] at surg site? […]
Pain and what the pain type may indicate when swallowing? strep when peeing? UTI when breathing? resp infection at surg site? surg infection
No cloze ⁨2⁩ found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. More information
No cloze ⁨2⁩ found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. More information
Urinary or Gastrointestinal Symptoms ∙What appearance might urine or sputum have with an infection? white/yellowish,cloudy ∙What symptoms occur when the small or large intestine is inflamed from a pathogen? […]
Urinary or Gastrointestinal Symptoms ∙What appearance might urine or sputum have with an infection? white/yellowish,cloudy ∙What symptoms occur when the small or large intestine is inflamed from a pathogen? diarrhea, increased perstalsis, hyperactive bowel sounds
Urinary or Gastrointestinal Symptoms ∙What appearance might urine or sputum have with an infection? […] ∙What symptoms occur when the small or large intestine is inflamed from a pathogen? diarrhea, increased perstalsis, hyperactive bowel sounds
Urinary or Gastrointestinal Symptoms ∙What appearance might urine or sputum have with an infection? white/yellowish,cloudy ∙What symptoms occur when the small or large intestine is inflamed from a pathogen? diarrhea, increased perstalsis, hyperactive bowel sounds
what is an abcess? […]
what is an abcess? pocket of purulent drainage
what is leukocytosis? […]
what is leukocytosis? increase in WBC count
‚Ä¢Neutrophils ∙Normally about […]% of WBCS ∙Higher number means […]
‚Ä¢Neutrophils ∙Normally about 50% of WBCS ∙Higher number means body is fighting infection well
‚Ä¢Shift to the left meaning? […] ∙Sign of […] […]
‚Ä¢Shift to the left meaning? ∙More immature granulocytes (bands) used to fight infection ∙Sign of persistent or severe infection mature neutrophils have depleted
‚Ä¢Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) ∙Reduced with what patients? […]
‚Ä¢Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) ∙Reduced with what patients? chemotherapy pt
Neutropenic Precautions , why? […]
Neutropenic Precautions , why? (ANC too low)
Neutropenic Precautions what to do? […]
Neutropenic Precautions what to do? - hand hygiene ∙Limit visitors and avoid crowds ∙If a visitor is coming ∙Visitors will wear mask, gloves and gown to be able to enter the room ∙When patient leaves the room, they have to wear a mask ∙Gentle oral care, avoid flossing, Avoid razors, no rectal temperatures ∙Remove stagnant water, fresh flowers, or potted plants
what do low neutrophil levels indicate? […]
what do low neutrophil levels indicate? persistent infection
‚Ä¢Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate –Increased with infection –Can be impacted by other factors, so not used alone for diagnosis ∙Lactate […]
‚Ä¢Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate –Increased with infection –Can be impacted by other factors, so not used alone for diagnosis ∙Lactate ∙from Anerobic metabolism ∙Decreased oxygen to tissues ∙Sepsis indicator ∙Lactate changes occur before hypotension sets in from shock
‚Ä¢Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate […] ∙Lactate ∙from Anerobic metabolism ∙Decreased oxygen to tissues ∙Sepsis indicator ∙Lactate changes occur before hypotension sets in from shock
‚Ä¢Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate –Increased with infection –Can be impacted by other factors, so not used alone for diagnosis ∙Lactate ∙from Anerobic metabolism ∙Decreased oxygen to tissues ∙Sepsis indicator ∙Lactate changes occur before hypotension sets in from shock
types of cultures: […]
types of cultures: ∙Blood, nasal swab, sputum, throat, wound, body cavity, stool
‚Ä¢Situations that call for obtaining cultures when an infection is suspected […]
‚Ä¢Situations that call for obtaining cultures when an infection is suspected ∙Productive cough ∙Invasive line ∙Purulent drainage ∙Parasites
if you administer abx at 800, what level is drawn at 730? peak or trough? […]
if you administer abx at 800, what level is drawn at 730? peak or trough? trough
what should you do if you find edema in the extremeties? […]
what should you do if you find edema in the extremeties? elevate extremeties
how often should a person be turned? […]
how often should a person be turned? every 2 hrs
can you give aspirin to kids? NO risk of […] must be older than […]
can you give aspirin to kids? NO risk of reyes syndrome must be older than 3 yrs
how do you manage a fever? […]
how do you manage a fever? increase fluids and give antipyretics
some examples of comfort measures for a patient: […]
some examples of comfort measures for a patient: warm blankets, analgesics, tepid bath
when treating a fever, do you want to make a patient shiver more? […]
when treating a fever, do you want to make a patient shiver more? no! try not to make them shiver more. IE dont’ give them cold water if thye’re hot.
where does community health take place? […]
where does community health take place? anywhere outside of the hospital
What factors into the functional ability of patients in home health? […]
What factors into the functional ability of patients in home health? ∙Developmental stage ∙ ∙Health promotion and safety ∙ ∙Cognitive and sensory deficits ∙ ∙Decreased mobility ∙Altered elimination ∙ ∙Altered nutrition
what does a nurse need to function in community health? […]
what does a nurse need to function in community health? a generalist background, knowledge of resources to connect pt with what they need.
‚Ä¢Initiation […] ∙Pre-visit […] ∙In-home […] ∙Termination […] ∙Post-visit […]
‚Ä¢Initiation Figure out the reason or purpose Contact family ∙Pre-visit Set up initial visit Communicate purpose to family ∙In-home Build rapport Set goals Nursing process ∙Termination Summarize visit Plan future visits ∙Post-visit Documentation Plan for next visit
Information home health collects about the home […]
Information home health collects about the home is it clean, safe, is it kept up, infestation?, functioning utilities, adequate food storage
what level of discharge plan is each? refer someone to skilled nursing facility […] referring someone to a support group[…] teaching a pt with diabetes […]
what level of discharge plan is each? refer someone to skilled nursing facility complex referring someone to a support groupsimple teaching a pt with diabetes basic, universal
who can be a case manager: […]
who can be a case manager: social worker, nurse, other member of HC team
home health or case management, which takes into account ability to pay for care? […] home health or case management, which is focused on promote optimal health […]
home health or case management, which takes into account ability to pay for care? case management home health or case management, which is focused on promote optimal health home health
Safety concerns for Newborn and Infant ∙Sleep? […] ∙Dangerous objects ∙Cords, tablecloths, plastic bags, bottles, cans ∙In the hospital ∙Bulb syringe and suction device
Safety concerns for Newborn and Infant ∙Sleep? ∙On the back to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ∙Dangerous objects ∙Cords, tablecloths, plastic bags, bottles, cans ∙In the hospital ∙Bulb syringe and suction device
Safety concerns for Newborn and Infant ∙Sleep? ∙On the back to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ∙Dangerous objects […] ∙In the hospital ∙Bulb syringe and suction device
Safety concerns for Newborn and Infant ∙Sleep? ∙On the back to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ∙Dangerous objects ∙Cords, tablecloths, plastic bags, bottles, cans ∙In the hospital ∙Bulb syringe and suction device
Safety concerns for Newborn and Infant ∙Sleep? ∙On the back to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ∙Dangerous objects ∙Cords, tablecloths, plastic bags, bottles, cans ∙In the hospital […]
Safety concerns for Newborn and Infant ∙Sleep? ∙On the back to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ∙Dangerous objects ∙Cords, tablecloths, plastic bags, bottles, cans ∙In the hospital ∙Bulb syringe and suction device
Safety concerns for Toddler and Preschooler bathtub? inlcude nonslip mats safety zones: […]
Safety concerns for Toddler and Preschooler bathtub? inlcude nonslip mats safety zones: zones where kids can safely be in the kitchen for example
Safety concerns for Toddler and Preschooler bathtub? […] safety zones: zones where kids can safely be in the kitchen for example
Safety concerns for Toddler and Preschooler bathtub? inlcude nonslip mats safety zones: zones where kids can safely be in the kitchen for example
safety teachings for school age and adolescent children: […]
safety teachings for school age and adolescent children: buddy sytem, peer pressure, sexual health, appropriate equipment for the activity
Safety concerns for Adults and Older Adults […]
Safety concerns for Adults and Older Adults vehicle accidents functional changes related to injuries medication related injuries (like falling)
Consequences of Falls […]
Consequences of Falls ∙Pain ∙ ∙Disability ∙ ∙Financial ∙ ∙Death
Neurological Assessments related to Safety […]
Neurological Assessments related to Safety ∙Judgment ∙Sensory ∙Vision and Hearing ∙Orientation? Are they confused? ∙Mental Status
do you need an order to impose a restraint? […]
do you need an order to impose a restraint? yes!
how do you know when to remove a restraint? […]
how do you know when to remove a restraint? theyre only ordered for a specific time period
Principles with Restraints restraints must be ordered before they are applied T or F? T ∙Nurses must go through training to use restraints ∙Specific documentation is required for restraints (4) ∙Behavior leading to restraint, alternatives to restraints attempted, release from restraints, patient needs being met ∙Nursing Considerations with restraints […]
Principles with Restraints restraints must be ordered before they are applied T or F? T ∙Nurses must go through training to use restraints ∙Specific documentation is required for restraints (4) ∙Behavior leading to restraint, alternatives to restraints attempted, release from restraints, patient needs being met ∙Nursing Considerations with restraints Ensure restraints do not cause injury Facilitate ADLs and comfort
Principles with Restraints restraints must be ordered before they are applied T or F? […] ∙Nurses must […] to use restraints ∙Specific documentation is required for restraints (4) ∙Behavior leading to restraint, alternatives to restraints attempted, release from restraints, patient needs being met ∙Nursing Considerations with restraints Ensure restraints do not cause injury Facilitate ADLs and comfort
Principles with Restraints restraints must be ordered before they are applied T or F? T ∙Nurses must go through training to use restraints ∙Specific documentation is required for restraints (4) ∙Behavior leading to restraint, alternatives to restraints attempted, release from restraints, patient needs being met ∙Nursing Considerations with restraints Ensure restraints do not cause injury Facilitate ADLs and comfort
Principles with Restraints restraints must be ordered before they are applied T or F? T ∙Nurses must go through training to use restraints ∙Specific documentation is required for restraints (4) […] ∙Nursing Considerations with restraints Ensure restraints do not cause injury Facilitate ADLs and comfort
Principles with Restraints restraints must be ordered before they are applied T or F? T ∙Nurses must go through training to use restraints ∙Specific documentation is required for restraints (4) ∙Behavior leading to restraint, alternatives to restraints attempted, release from restraints, patient needs being met ∙Nursing Considerations with restraints Ensure restraints do not cause injury Facilitate ADLs and comfort
can a student nurse apply restraints? […]
can a student nurse apply restraints? NO NO NO
RACE and PASS (Fire Safety) RACE: […] PASS: […]
RACE and PASS (Fire Safety) RACE: rescue the pt pull the alarm confine the fire evacuate PASS: pull the pin aim the nozzle squeeze the handle sweep back and forth
three ways to protect yourself from radiation? […]
three ways to protect yourself from radiation? minimize time of exposure maximize distance from source use appropriate shielding
what to do when caring for a pt that is exposed to radiation […]
what to do when caring for a pt that is exposed to radiation wear lead shield or apron use gloves (even when handling bodily fluids) have patient provide self care as much as possible
levels of disease prevention seeks to prevent a disease or condition […]
levels of disease prevention seeks to prevent a disease or condition primary prevention
immunizations are an example of […] prevention
immunizations are an example of primary prevention