Asepsis

Question 1

Name the white blood cell: ingest and break down foreign particles, particularly bacteria and parasites. The first line of defense.

Answer 1

Neutrophils

Question 2

Name the white blood cell: allergic reaction

Answer 2

eosinophils

Question 3

Name the white blood cell: unknown action. Contain heparin and histamine in their granules.

Answer 3

basophils

Question 4

How many bpm does the heart rate increase for every degree celsius

Answer 4

10 bpm

Question 5

What changes in vitals would we expect with a systemic inflammatory response

Answer 5

Increased temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate

Question 6

Name the white blood cell: synthesis of immunoglobulins. Cellular immunity and effective in destroying bacteria, viruses, cancer cells.

Answer 6

T lymphocytes

Question 7

Name the white blood cell: synthesis of antibodies. Produce humoral immunity.

Answer 7

B lymphocytes

Question 8

Name the white blood cell: Scavenger cells dispose of cellular debris.

Answer 8

Monocytes (macrophages)

Question 9

Five signs of systemic infection

Answer 9

anorexia, fever, sepsis, body aches, chills

Question 10

Factors that compromise the host: Impaired skin integrity

Answer 10

injury to the skin
surgical incisions
invasive devices

Question 11

Factors that compromise the host: impaired mechanical function

Answer 11

trachostomy
sedation
smoking

Question 12

Factors that compromise the host: inadequate nutrition

Answer 12

• need more calories when you’re sick

- many nutrients (incl vitamin C) needed for wound healing.

Question 13

Factors that compromise the host: prolonged stress

Answer 13

cortisol, hyperglycemia (hyperglycemia promotes bacterial growth)

Question 14

Factors that compromise the host: medicine or medical problems

Answer 14

• chemo
• steroids
• improper use of antibiotics
• HIV

Question 15

Four stages of infection

Answer 15

• incubation
• prodromal
• acute phase
• convalescence

Question 16

severe infection that reaches the bloodstream

Answer 16

sepsis

Question 17

endotoxin produces…

Answer 17

heightened inflammatory response

Question 18

four signs/symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 18

high or low temp t>38 or t<36
high HR >90 bpm
high respiratory rate >20 or low CO2 <32
High WBC >12000 or <4000
(need two or more, then they'll pull a lactic acid)

Question 19

Why can older adults have no fever or low grade fever?

Answer 19

May have medical conditions that impair the hypothalamus

Question 20

Why do children have higher fevers?

Answer 20

Don’t have as much thermoregulation (can’t sweat as much)

Question 21

can you get a fever with surgery

Answer 21

• possible during first day after surgery

- indicative of infection after day 2

Question 22

Three phases of fever

Answer 22

• chills
• fever
• flush or crisis (sweat, stop shivering)

Question 23

pocket of purulent drainage

Answer 23

abscess

Question 24

appearance of urine or sputum with an infection

Answer 24

cloudy or whitish-yellow

Question 25

symptom when the small or large intestine is inflamed from a pathogen

Answer 25

• diarrhea

- increased peristalsis or hyperactive bowel sounds

Question 26

why to take baseline vital signs

Answer 26

to assess for change

Question 27

other reasons for chills beyond fever/infection

Answer 27

fear/anxiety, hypoglycemia, physical exhaustion, hypothyroid

Question 28

medical history needed for infection screening

Answer 28

immunization, recent infections, exposure to diseases

Question 29

leukocytosis

Answer 29

increased white blood cell count

Question 30

shift to the left

Answer 30

more immature granulocytes used to fight infection. Persistent or severe infection.

Question 31

higher than 50% neutrophils means…

Answer 31

body is fighting infection well

Question 32

neutropenic precautions

Answer 32

• limit visitors
• avoid flossing, razors, rectal temps
• remove stagnant water, fresh flowers, potted plants
• hand hygiene is very important

Question 33

lactate is relevant because…

Answer 33

it can indicate sepsis (anaerobic metabolism, decreased oxygen to tissues)

Question 34

Sed rate

Answer 34

erythrocyte sedimentation rate – increased with infection

Question 35

situations that cause for obtaining cultures when an infection is suspected

Answer 35

• productive cough
• invasive line (port, central line)
• purulent drainage
• parasites

Question 36

why do you need a trough level?

Answer 36

toxicity! Kidneys and ears are affected by lots of antibiotics

Question 37

how often to turn a person

Answer 37

2 hours

Question 38

fever management

Answer 38

increase fluids

antipyretics (not aspirin for children)

Question 39

comfort measures

Answer 39

warm blanket
analgesics
tepid bath

Question 40

what does shivering do?

Answer 40

warms up the body by making the body move