Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
Which macronutrient?
- provides energy
- one form promotes peristalsis
- synthesis of vitamin K and vitamin B12
A
carbohydrates
2
Q
normal fasting blood glucose fasting
A
60 to 80 mg/dL
3
Q
normal blood glucose 2 hours after a meal
A
140 to 180 mg/dL
4
Q
Which macronutrient?
- Iron: hemoglobin
- Hormone: insulin
- Protein: albumin
A
Protein: albumin
5
Q
Which macronutrient?
- growth
- energy
- regulation of bodily functions
- replacement of cellular proteins
A
protein
6
Q
Something to screen for in urine related to protein
A
nitrogen
7
Q
protein balance when new tissue synthesized such as in athletic training
A
positive
8
Q
protein balance with immobility or wounds
A
negative
Nitrogen excretion exceeds the intake.
9
Q
fat type in fish and vegetable sources
A
unsaturated
10
Q
fat type in meats and butter
A
saturated
11
Q
vitamin with deficiency that causes night or total blindness keratinization follicular hyperkeratosis xeropthalmia inadequate tooth and bone development
A
vitamin A
12
Q
vitamin with these functions:
- normal vision in dim lights
- healthy epithelium
- skeletal and tooth development
- cellular proliferation
A
vitamin A
13
Q
vitamin with these functions:
- absorption of calcium
- moving calcium and phosphorus from bone
A
vitamin D
14
Q
vitamin whose deficiency causes:
- rickets in children
- poor dental health
- tetany
- osteomalacia
A
vitamin D
15
Q
vitamin with these functions
- antioxidant
- protects vitamin A from oxidation
A
vitamin E
16
Q
vitamin whose deficiency causes:
- increased hemolysis of red blood cells
- poor reflexes
- anemia
A
vitamin E
17
Q
vitamin with these functions:
- formation of prothrombin and other clotting factors
A
vitamin K
18
Q
vitamin whose deficiency causes increased chance of bleeding
A
vitamin K
19
Q
vitamin with these function:
- healthy nerve functioning
- normal appetite and digestion
A
Thiamine (B1)
20
Q
vitamin whose deficiency causes:
- Beriberi (heart and muscle problems)
- apathy, fatigue, constipation, cardiac failure, neuritis
A
Thiamine (B1)
21
Q
vitamin with these functions:
- tissue regeneration, glycogen metabolism
A
Niacin (B3)
22
Q
vitamin whose deficiency causes:
- Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death
A
Niacin (B3)
The 3 Ds of B3 are dermatitis dementia diarrhea. Death is just a bonus…
23
Q
vitamin with these functions:
- protein and carbohydrate metabolism
A
Riboflavin (B2)
24
Q
vitamin whose deficiency causes: cheilosis, vision irregularities
A
Riboflavin (B2)
25
vitamin whose functions include:
| - protein metabolism, cell growth, red blood cell formation
Folic acid (B9)
26
vitamin whose deficiency causes:
- glossitis
- diarrhea
- macrocytic anemia
- birth defects
Folic acid (B9)
27
vitamin whose functions include:
- formation of mature red blood cells
- synthesis of RNA and DNA
- requires intrinsic factor for absorption
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
28
vitamin whose deficiency causes:
- pernicious anemia
- neurological deterioriation
- peripheral neuropathy
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
29
** Which two B vitamins have impaired absorption with chronic alcohol use?
Thiamine (B1) and folic acid (B9)
30
vitamin whose functions include:
- protection against infection
- adequate wound healing
- collagen formation
- iron absorption
- metabolism of amino acids
vitamin C
31
vitamin whose deficiency causes:
- poor wound healing
- susceptibility to infections
- scurvy
vitamin C
32
mineral whose functions include:
- converts prothrombin to thrombin
- nerve impulse transmission
- regulation of materials in and out of the cell
- contraction and relaxation of (esp. cardiac) muscles
calcium
33
mineral whose deficiency causes Rickets and osteoporosis
calcium (note: Rickets is really a vitamin D deficiency which operates partially through making it harder for the body to utilize calcium)
34
mineral function: hemoglobin
iron
35
mineral deficiency causes: anemia, fatigue, lethargy, poor resistance to infection
iron
36
mineral function: maintains fluid and acid-base balance
sodium
37
mineral considerations: associated with heart disease hypertension, kidney, liver disease
sodium
38
mineral function: protein synthesis, fluid balance, muscle contraction
potassium
39
mineral considerations: restricted with kidney or renal issues
potassium
40
mineral function: works with thyroid for energy metabolism, mental and physical growth
iodine
41
mineral considerations: deficiency causes a goiter, enlarged thyroid gland, cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism) in infants
iodine
42
mineral function: maintains bone structure and reduces tooth decay
fluoride
43
mineral considerations: present in most drinking water
fluoride
44
food function: maintains normal cell function
water
45
food considerations: thirst may be decreased in the elderly
water
46
mastication
chewing
47
deglutition
swallowing
48
peristalsis
moving a bolus of food through the esophagus or through the bowel
49
churning
stomach to duodenum and into small intestine
50
monomer for carbohydrates
glucose or monosaccharides
51
monomer for fats
fatty acid and glycerol
52
monomer for protein
amino acids
53
which monomers are absorbed into the intestinal capillaries
amino acids and monosaccharides
54
which monomers are absorbed into the lymphatic system through the lymphatic capillaries into the intestinal villi
glycerol and fatty acids
55
where are carbohydrates stored
short term: liver (glycogenesis)
long-term: adipose
not enough: gluconeogenesis (from proteins)
56
where are proteins stored
stored in liver and muscles or converted to fat
57
where is excess fat stored
stored in adipose tissues
58
what is excreted through the lungs
carbon dioxide and water
59
what is excreted through the intestines and rectum
digestive waste
60
what is excreted through the kidneys, skin, and sweat glands
water, salts, toxins, nitrogen wastes
61
missing nutrient: hair is thin, coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily
protein
62
missing nutrient: excessive bruising and bleeding
vitamin K
63
missing nutrient: pressure sores and poor wound healing
protein and vitamin C
64
missing nutrient: swollen and bleeding gums
vitamin C
65
missing nutrient: muscle wasting
protein
66
missing nutrient: lack of growth
protein, calories
67
missing nutrient: poor posture, painful joints, bowed legs, increase in bone fractures
calcium, vitamin D, vitamin C, protein
68
missing nutrient: confusion, motor weakness
thiamine, niacin, B complex
69
* ***** Which of these can be due to a protein deficiency (SATAAAAA)
- hair is thin, coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily
- excessive bleeding and bruising
- swollen and bleeding gums
- pressure sores, poor wound healing
- muscle wasting
- lack of growth
- poor posture, painful joints
- confusion, motor weakness
```
*****ON THE TEST*****
✔︎ hair is thin, coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily
✖︎ excessive bleeding and bruising (vitamin K)
✖︎ swollen and bleeding gums
✔︎ pressure sores, poor wound healing
✔︎ muscle wasting
✔︎ lack of growth
✔︎ poor posture, painful joints
✖︎ confusion, motor weakness
```
70
dietary modification with renal disease
restrict sodium, potassium, protein, possibly fluids
71
dietary modification in liver disease
restrict sodium, increase protein (until hepatic coma -- cut protein)
72
dietary modification in congestive heart failure
restrict sodium and calories
73
dietary modification in coronary artery disease
restrict intake of sodium, calories, fats
74
dietary modification in burns
increase intake of calories, protein, vitamin C, B-complex
75
dietary modifications in respiratory
soft, high-calorie, high-protein
76
dietary modifications in tuberculosis
increase intake of protein, calories, calcium, vitamin A
77
dietary modifications in hypertension
restrict sodium, lose weight if appropriate
78
Psychosocial factors that impact a person's nutrition
ability to obtain food (location, time, funds), knowledge of nutrition
79
Physical factors that impact a person's nutrition
swallowing difficulties, discomfort with meals, abnormalities with the GI system incl dentition
80
What form of nutrition would someone with a GI obstruction need?
parenteral (IV in this case)
81
what lab value can reflect iron level (besides iron and ferritin)?
hemoglobin/hematocrit
| transferrin (increases when iron is low)
82
what lab value reflects the ability of the kidney to excrete waste?
Creatinine
83
what labs are used to determine protein?
- Albumin (half-life 18 days)
| - Prealbumin (half-life 2 days)
84
three frequencies of tube feeding
continuous
intermittent
glucose monitoring
85
bed position during feeding
high fowlers
86
which tube goes farther down? Dobhoff or NG
Dobhoff goes to duodenum (NG goes to the stomach)
87
nausea, vomiting, cramping, bloating, diarrhea indicate what with tube feeding?
intolerance
88
how do you confirm placement of any enteral feeding tube
X-ray
89
temperature of enteral feeding
room temperature
90
how often to do water flushes in tube feeding
routinely every 4-6 hours
91
when to flush feeding tube with water to prevent clogs
before and after feeding
92
good practice to avoid tube feeding spray
kinked or clamped
