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Foundations of Nursing > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Which macronutrient?

  • provides energy
  • one form promotes peristalsis
  • synthesis of vitamin K and vitamin B12
A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

normal fasting blood glucose fasting

A

60 to 80 mg/dL

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3
Q

normal blood glucose 2 hours after a meal

A

140 to 180 mg/dL

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4
Q

Which macronutrient?

  • Iron: hemoglobin
  • Hormone: insulin
  • Protein: albumin
A

Protein: albumin

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5
Q

Which macronutrient?

  • growth
  • energy
  • regulation of bodily functions
  • replacement of cellular proteins
A

protein

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6
Q

Something to screen for in urine related to protein

A

nitrogen

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7
Q

protein balance when new tissue synthesized such as in athletic training

A

positive

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8
Q

protein balance with immobility or wounds

A

negative

Nitrogen excretion exceeds the intake.

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9
Q

fat type in fish and vegetable sources

A

unsaturated

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10
Q

fat type in meats and butter

A

saturated

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11
Q 
vitamin with deficiency that causes
night or total blindness
keratinization
follicular hyperkeratosis
xeropthalmia
inadequate tooth and bone development
A

vitamin A

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12
Q

vitamin with these functions:

  • normal vision in dim lights
  • healthy epithelium
  • skeletal and tooth development
  • cellular proliferation
A

vitamin A

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13
Q

vitamin with these functions:

  • absorption of calcium
  • moving calcium and phosphorus from bone
A

vitamin D

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14
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes:

  • rickets in children
  • poor dental health
  • tetany
  • osteomalacia
A

vitamin D

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15
Q

vitamin with these functions

  • antioxidant
  • protects vitamin A from oxidation
A

vitamin E

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16
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes:

  • increased hemolysis of red blood cells
  • poor reflexes
  • anemia
A

vitamin E

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17
Q

vitamin with these functions:

- formation of prothrombin and other clotting factors

A

vitamin K

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18
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes increased chance of bleeding

A

vitamin K

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19
Q

vitamin with these function:

  • healthy nerve functioning
  • normal appetite and digestion
A

Thiamine (B1)

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20
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes:

  • Beriberi (heart and muscle problems)
  • apathy, fatigue, constipation, cardiac failure, neuritis
A

Thiamine (B1)

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21
Q

vitamin with these functions:

- tissue regeneration, glycogen metabolism

A

Niacin (B3)

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22
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes:

- Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death

A

Niacin (B3)

The 3 Ds of B3 are dermatitis dementia diarrhea. Death is just a bonus…

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23
Q

vitamin with these functions:

- protein and carbohydrate metabolism

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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24
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes: cheilosis, vision irregularities

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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25
Q

vitamin whose functions include:

- protein metabolism, cell growth, red blood cell formation

A

Folic acid (B9)

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26
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes:

  • glossitis
  • diarrhea
  • macrocytic anemia
  • birth defects
A

Folic acid (B9)

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27
Q

vitamin whose functions include:

  • formation of mature red blood cells
  • synthesis of RNA and DNA
  • requires intrinsic factor for absorption
A

Cyanocobalamin (B12)

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28
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes:

  • pernicious anemia
  • neurological deterioriation
  • peripheral neuropathy
A

Cyanocobalamin (B12)

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29
Q

** Which two B vitamins have impaired absorption with chronic alcohol use?

A

Thiamine (B1) and folic acid (B9)

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30
Q

vitamin whose functions include:

  • protection against infection
  • adequate wound healing
  • collagen formation
  • iron absorption
  • metabolism of amino acids
A

vitamin C

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31
Q

vitamin whose deficiency causes:

  • poor wound healing
  • susceptibility to infections
  • scurvy
A

vitamin C

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32
Q

mineral whose functions include:

  • converts prothrombin to thrombin
  • nerve impulse transmission
  • regulation of materials in and out of the cell
  • contraction and relaxation of (esp. cardiac) muscles
A

calcium

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33
Q

mineral whose deficiency causes Rickets and osteoporosis

A

calcium (note: Rickets is really a vitamin D deficiency which operates partially through making it harder for the body to utilize calcium)

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34
Q

mineral function: hemoglobin

A

iron

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35
Q

mineral deficiency causes: anemia, fatigue, lethargy, poor resistance to infection

A

iron

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36
Q

mineral function: maintains fluid and acid-base balance

A

sodium

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37
Q

mineral considerations: associated with heart disease hypertension, kidney, liver disease

38
Q

mineral function: protein synthesis, fluid balance, muscle contraction

39
Q

mineral considerations: restricted with kidney or renal issues

40
Q

mineral function: works with thyroid for energy metabolism, mental and physical growth

41
Q

mineral considerations: deficiency causes a goiter, enlarged thyroid gland, cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism) in infants

42
Q

mineral function: maintains bone structure and reduces tooth decay

43
Q

mineral considerations: present in most drinking water

44
Q

food function: maintains normal cell function

45
Q

food considerations: thirst may be decreased in the elderly

46
Q

mastication

47
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

48
Q

peristalsis

A

moving a bolus of food through the esophagus or through the bowel

49
Q

churning

A

stomach to duodenum and into small intestine

50
Q

monomer for carbohydrates

A

glucose or monosaccharides

51
Q

monomer for fats

A

fatty acid and glycerol

52
Q

monomer for protein

A

amino acids

53
Q

which monomers are absorbed into the intestinal capillaries

A

amino acids and monosaccharides

54
Q

which monomers are absorbed into the lymphatic system through the lymphatic capillaries into the intestinal villi

A

glycerol and fatty acids

55
Q

where are carbohydrates stored

A

short term: liver (glycogenesis)
long-term: adipose
not enough: gluconeogenesis (from proteins)

56
Q

where are proteins stored

A

stored in liver and muscles or converted to fat

57
Q

where is excess fat stored

A

stored in adipose tissues

58
Q

what is excreted through the lungs

A

carbon dioxide and water

59
Q

what is excreted through the intestines and rectum

A

digestive waste

60
Q

what is excreted through the kidneys, skin, and sweat glands

A

water, salts, toxins, nitrogen wastes

61
Q

missing nutrient: hair is thin, coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily

62
Q

missing nutrient: excessive bruising and bleeding

63
Q

missing nutrient: pressure sores and poor wound healing

A

protein and vitamin C

64
Q

missing nutrient: swollen and bleeding gums

65
Q

missing nutrient: muscle wasting

66
Q

missing nutrient: lack of growth

A

protein, calories

67
Q

missing nutrient: poor posture, painful joints, bowed legs, increase in bone fractures

A

calcium, vitamin D, vitamin C, protein

68
Q

missing nutrient: confusion, motor weakness

A

thiamine, niacin, B complex

69
Q
  • ***** Which of these can be due to a protein deficiency (SATAAAAA)
  • hair is thin, coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily
  • excessive bleeding and bruising
  • swollen and bleeding gums
  • pressure sores, poor wound healing
  • muscle wasting
  • lack of growth
  • poor posture, painful joints
  • confusion, motor weakness
A 
*****ON THE TEST*****
✔︎ hair is thin, coarse, lacking luster, breaks easily
✖︎ excessive bleeding and bruising (vitamin K)
✖︎ swollen and bleeding gums
✔︎ pressure sores, poor wound healing
✔︎ muscle wasting
✔︎ lack of growth
✔︎ poor posture, painful joints
✖︎ confusion, motor weakness
70
Q

dietary modification with renal disease

A

restrict sodium, potassium, protein, possibly fluids

71
Q

dietary modification in liver disease

A

restrict sodium, increase protein (until hepatic coma – cut protein)

72
Q

dietary modification in congestive heart failure

A

restrict sodium and calories

73
Q

dietary modification in coronary artery disease

A

restrict intake of sodium, calories, fats

74
Q

dietary modification in burns

A

increase intake of calories, protein, vitamin C, B-complex

75
Q

dietary modifications in respiratory

A

soft, high-calorie, high-protein

76
Q

dietary modifications in tuberculosis

A

increase intake of protein, calories, calcium, vitamin A

77
Q

dietary modifications in hypertension

A

restrict sodium, lose weight if appropriate

78
Q

Psychosocial factors that impact a person’s nutrition

A

ability to obtain food (location, time, funds), knowledge of nutrition

79
Q

Physical factors that impact a person’s nutrition

A

swallowing difficulties, discomfort with meals, abnormalities with the GI system incl dentition

80
Q

What form of nutrition would someone with a GI obstruction need?

A

parenteral (IV in this case)

81
Q

what lab value can reflect iron level (besides iron and ferritin)?

A

hemoglobin/hematocrit

transferrin (increases when iron is low)

82
Q

what lab value reflects the ability of the kidney to excrete waste?

A

Creatinine

83
Q

what labs are used to determine protein?

A
  • Albumin (half-life 18 days)

- Prealbumin (half-life 2 days)

84
Q

three frequencies of tube feeding

A

continuous
intermittent
glucose monitoring

85
Q

bed position during feeding

A

high fowlers

86
Q

which tube goes farther down? Dobhoff or NG

A

Dobhoff goes to duodenum (NG goes to the stomach)

87
Q

nausea, vomiting, cramping, bloating, diarrhea indicate what with tube feeding?

A

intolerance

88
Q

how do you confirm placement of any enteral feeding tube

89
Q

temperature of enteral feeding

A

room temperature

90
Q

how often to do water flushes in tube feeding

A

routinely every 4-6 hours

91
Q

when to flush feeding tube with water to prevent clogs

A

before and after feeding

92
Q

good practice to avoid tube feeding spray

A

kinked or clamped

Foundations of Nursing (22 decks)

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