Suger Qs Flashcards
What passes through the inguinal canal in males and females?
spermatid cord / round ligament of the uterus / ilioinguinal nerve (only through part)
Components of the spermatic cord
3 coverings – external, cremasteric, internal spermatic fascia
3 arteries – testicular artery , artery of the vas, cremasteric artery
3 veins – testicular vein, vein of the vas, cremasteric vein
3 nerves – ilio-inguinal (skin sensation anterior 1/3 external genitalia), genitofemoral (to cremaster muscle),
sympathetic (vas and testicular pain)
3 others - Vas deferens, lymphatics, tunical vaginalis
Describe contents of sperm
60% seminal / 30% prostate / 10% sperm
3 narrow parts of ureter
- pelvis of kidney
- crossing common iliac -entrance into bladder
Name the branches of the lumbar plexus
I Twice Get Laid On Fridays ilioinguinal iliohypogastric genitofemoral lateral cutaneous obturator L2-4 femoral L2-4
A man presents with increased urge, frequency of urination and small amounts of semen in the urine. What nerve has been affected and why?
hypogastric sympathetic affected - internal urethral sphincter affected therefore semen goes into bladder & no receptive relaxation of detrusor muscle
In males internal involuntary - detrusor & external voluntary - urethral muscle - prevents semen passing into bladder
3 parts of pelvic bone
-where do they fuse
give three differences in pelvic diaphragm
ilium/Ishcial/pubic
=acetabulum
males have more acute angle
women have smaller pelvic inlet
males have ischial spines
female = lighter, smoother, thinner. tilted forward
Muscles of pelvis diaphragm
Levator ani = iliococcygeus & pubococcyegeus/coccygeus
What is the equation for GFR
average speed?
GFR = Kf (Pgc - Pbs) - (πgc)
- 125ml/min
What factors affect ability to cross glomerular filtrate barrier?
-features of creatinine (£)
Pressure
Size / charge of molecule
Rate of blood flow
Binding to plasma proteins
-creatinine - freely filtered, not secreted / reabsorbed, not metabolised
Define renal clearance
Volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney per unit time (min)
Clerance of S = (urine (S) X volume of urine ) / plasma (S)
What is henderson-hasselbalch equation?
pH = 6.1 + log([A-] / [HA])
Most common secondary messenger?
cAMP
Name 3 embryological kidneys - which germ layer? Which persists?
pronephros, mesenophros, metenephros
- metenephros remains
- intermediate mesoderm
What must be removed from pronsulin to produce active insulin?
C-peptide
Describe hormone levels during pregnancy
- GnRH released from hypothalamus
- FSH & LH released from AP
- FSH causes maturation of primary follicles
- Follicles begin to secrete oestrogen
- Graafian follicle forms and other atrophy
- Graafian secretes higher levels of oestrogen - LH
inhibited - Oestrogen levels rise until high levels cause LH surge
- LH surge causes ovulation and formation of corpus
luteum - Oestrogen levels fall and then are restored by corpus
luteum - proliferation of uterine lining & smooth muscle - Progesterone levels also rise (corpus luteum) -
increases vascularity of uterine lining & inhibits uterine
contraction - Corpus luteum not sustained causing fall in oe & pro =
menstruation
Blood flow to outer 2/3 cortex of kidney
-Three types of acute kidney injury?
peritubular network
i) Pre-renal // low bp, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, diarrhoea decreased blood flow to kidney
ii) Renal // glomerulonephritis damage to kidney
iii) Post-renal // stones, obstructed catheter urinary tract obstruction
Bladder nervous supply
SNS - hypogastric (T12 - L2) internal sphincter & detrusor receptive relaxer PNS - pelvic splanchnic (S2 - S4) contraction of detrusor
Somatic - pudendal (S2-S4) external sphincter
