SAQ 2012 1b

Question 1

a. Where are the parietal cells in the stomach?

Answer 1

Found in the fundus and the body

Question 2

a. Why might NSAIDs cause gastric ulcers?

Answer 2

Cyclo oxygenase 1 stimlates prostaglandins which stimulates mucus secretion
NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase 1
So reduced mucosal defence

Question 3

a. What are produced from D cells and what is its effects?

Answer 3

Somatostatin – effects parietal cells (so less HCl), directly effects G cells (gastrin release)

Question 4

Eustress

Answer 4

“a positive stress which is beneficial and motivating”

Question 5

Define stress

Answer 5

When strains upon a person exceeds their ability to cope

Question 6

What is opportunity cost?

Answer 6

“The opportunity cost of an activity is the sacrifice in terms of the benefits forgone from not allocating resources to next best activity

Question 7

Describe

1. Cost-effectiveness analysis
2. Cost-utility analysis
3. Cost-benefit analysis

Answer 7

Cost-effectiveness analysis (outcomes measured in natural units: incremental cost per life
year gained)

Cost-utility analysis (outcomes measured in quality adjusted life years: incremental cost
per QALY gained)

Cost-benefit analysis (outcomes are measured in monetary units: net monetary benefit)

Question 8

a. Give an example of a hormone that is produced in zona glomerulosa, fasiculata and reticularis

What enzyme is present only in the zona glomerulosa

Answer 8

b. Zona glomerulosa – minerals, aldosterone
c. Zona fasiculata – cortisol, glucocorticoid
d. Zona reticularis – androgens – precursor to sex hormones
enzyme aldosterone synthase

Question 9

a. What is the visual pigment in the eye?

Answer 9

Rhodopsin = rods, opsin = cones

Question 10

Differences between rods and cones

Answer 10

a - Cones = colour, faster, visual acuity

b - Rods = night vision, monochromatic, slower reaction, peripheral vision

Question 11

What artery supplies the occipital lobe?

Answer 11

Posterior cerebral artery

Question 12

Where are you likely to get fractures with osteroporosis?

Answer 12

Distal radius (FOOSH), vertebrae, hip

Question 13

What tools would you use to measure bone density?

What other 3 indications would make you measure bone density?

Answer 13

T score? -2.5 = osteo

-1 - -2.5 = osteomalacia

Previous fall, FRAX, family history of hip fracture, smoking, obesity, low vit D???

Question 14

What week does the neural tube close ?

b. What are the structures derived from:
i. Prosencephalon?
ii. Rhombencephalon

Answer 14

week 4

bi)
Telencephalon = Cerebral hemispheres,

Diencephalon = hypothalamus, thalamus

ii) Pons, medulla oblongata

Question 15

Normal GFR

Answer 15

= 90-120ml/min