SAQ 2010 Flashcards
a. Cell components of atheromatous plaque
Fatty/lipid middle, calcified, cholesterol, macrophages and lymphocytes, tough fibrous capsule
Underlying cholesterol crystals
3 Processes of NHS guidelines for stopping smoking
- Ready (prepared and aware), 2.steady (set a quit date, throw away),
- stop (set plan for day, avoid triggers)
a. Medical Treatments for smoking
NRT (Nicotine Replacement Therapy)
i patches, gums, nasal spray, microtab, inhalator
Non-nicotine pharmacotherapy
i Varenicline (Champix) (mimics dopamine) ii Bupropion (Zyban) Transtheoretical Model (blocks dopamine reuptake)
Definition of osteomalacia
bone mineralization does not occur properly so bones are weak
3 causes of osteomalacia
- Vit D
- Woman
- Asian’s at more risk
Two internal organs linked to osteomalacia
Liver and Kidney
3 abnormalities you may see in her bony profile - of osteomalacia
Cortical zone is narrower, the trabeculae are thinner and less numerous.
(less calcified bone - this stains black)
You are the on-call doctor in A&E seeing a 78-year-old female patient who complains of a gradual onset of visual problems. It is difficult to take the history from her since she struggles to understand your questions, but examination of her visual fields nevertheless reveals an upper quadrant heminanopia to the right. A CT scan of the head identifies a brain tumour as the underlying cause for her visual problems.
a. State the projection of the (a) nasal and (b) temporal fibres of the retinal ganglion cells
The nasal fibres project to the contralateral geniculate corpus
The temporal fibres project to the ipsilateral geniculate corpus
a. At one point during the examination the patient is looking at the tip of your nose. Behind you, on your left hand side, is standing a tall medical student. What would be the patients’ retinal representation of the image of this students’ face?
Student’s face is in the right superior quadrant so retinal image is at inferior left corner
They then ask you what the differences are between them. State two functional differences between rods and cones in the retina
Cones = colour, visual acuity Rods = more sensitive to light, peripheral vision,
a. Name one other type of neuronal cell in the retina, other than ganglion cells, rods and cones –
horizontal cells, nipolar, amacrine, interplexiform
a. 2 principles healthcare officials use to allocate scarce resources
a. Age, social status, prognosis, causation
3 types of economic evaluation
° Cost minimization analysis – outcomes equivalent
° Cost effectiveness analysis – outcomes measured in natural units
° Cost utility analysis – outcomes measured in QALY
° Cost benefit analysis – outcomes measured in monetary units
a. Know how to calculate incremental costs and effectiveness ratios
Incremental costs= New treatment cost – old treatment cost
Effectiveness ratio = incremental cost / difference in QALY
What are the BMI ranges
• Underweight 40.0
SEVEN KEY DOMAINS OF ENERGY BALANCE
- Food environment (energy intake of population level)
- Food consumption (individual food consumption)
- Individual activity
(energy expenditure) - Activity of the environment
(activity of population) - Societal influences
(both intake and expenditure) - Individual psychology
(both intake and expenditure - Individual biology
(both intake and expenditure)
a. Characteristics of an obesogenic environment (physical, social, individual behavior causes; 2 marks each)
° Physical – TV remote, lifts cars
° Socio-cultural – safety fears, family eating patterns
Economic environment – expensive fruit and veg
Outline the function of each lobe – and what would happen with damage
Frontal = personality, decision and planning, brocas = expression aphasia
Personality changes, inappropriate social behavior, motor cortex – contralateral damage
Parietal = somatosensory, visuospatial = loss of contra sensation
Temporal = auditory, Wernicke’s areas = receptive aphasia, memory and info retrieval
Occipital = eye sight, loss of contralateral visual field
a. Parkinson’s – what area is affected and what substance is deficient?
- where is nerve stimulation?
Dopamine, affects substantial nigra (pars compacta)
-subthalamic nuclei
Huntington’s – what is the area affected and what is the neurotransmitter defected?
affects caudate nucleus, less GABA so less inhibition of movement
five functions of the skin
Barrier to infection, protection against trauma, protection against UV, vitamin D synthesis, thermoregulation, regulates water loss, sensory organ
Two hormones that regulate melanin secretion
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) (intermediate lobe of pit gland)
- adrenocorticotropin hormone (anterior pit)
3 histological characteristics of the secretory phase?
Arteries lengthen and become spiral
Stroma odema
Becomes torturous
