Learn! Flashcards
What is opportunity cost?
The cost of an opportunity missed the sacrifice of the benefits forgone from not allocating resources to the best thing
Upper oesophageal sphincter?
Circopharyngeus
Which 2 cranial nerves are involved in changing arterial pressure, working via the cardiovascular centre in the medulla?
Glossopharyngeal, vagus
- The first and second heart sounds correspond to which part of the cardiac cycle?
- first (closure of atrioventricular valves) , second (closure of semilunar valves)
- The apex beat is at which surface marking?
- left mid-clavicular in the 5th intercostal space
In terms of FEV1 and FVC, what is the restrictive pattern and what is the obstructive pattern? Name one obstructive lung disease and one restrictive lung disease?
Restrictive pattern: decreased FVC and FEV1 (the ratio is the same = >80%) e.g. asbestosis
Obstructive pattern: decreased FEV1 (ratio decreased) e.g. asthma, chronic bronchitis…c.f. obstructive + restrictive, e.g. emphysema
When does the coronary arteries get their blood supply to the heart? Which part of the clinical monitoring the patient will tell us if the patient’s heart is perhaps not getting enough blood supply?
Systole
What is Murphy’s sign?
Gall bladder inflammation
What lies on the transpyloric plane?
L1, gall bladder, plyrorus, pancreas, speleen, orgin of SMA and portal vein, hilum of L & R kidney, 2nd part of duodenum
The reticuloendothelial system refers to what?
part of the immune system, consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue, primarily monocytes and macrophages
- Where in the gut is iron absorbed?
D & J
Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted from where? What does it do?
In the atria – strong vasodilator, loses water and sodium, lower BP
- Jaundice- name one blood condition that causes jaundice, name one hereditary condition that cuses jaundice, one hepatic condition that causes jaundice and one post-hepatic cause of jaundice
- Name three viruses that can cause jaundice
haemolysis, sickle cell disease, Hepatitis, carcinoma of the pancreas
- Which immunoglobulin lines the mucosal tracts? Which immunoglobulin rises first in an infection?
IgA - mucosal tract
IgM - first in infection
- The second intercostals space of the right concerns which part of the heart when auscultating?
Aortic area
Platelets are produced where and in what precursor cell? Platelets produce what substances?
- bone marrow, megkaryocyte, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines
- What makes up the porta hepatis?
- hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery proper, the common hepatic duct, nerves and lymphatics
Define incidence.
Define prevalence.
- the rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified time period
- the proportion of a population that have the disease at a point in time
- What is a confidence interval and what does it tell you
2. Know how to calculate the 95% confidence interval from given data (learn the equation)
- the ranges of values gathered from observation data which indicate where parameter values are likely to lie
- 95% Confidence Interval = mean +/- 2*Standard Error (of the mean) SE = spread of the mean
- Name 3 essential amino acids.
- valine, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine
Sources of vitamins
A: milk products, egg yolk liver, carrots (good for eyesight);
B: milk liver, cereals (carbohydrate metabolism);
C: citrus fruits and vegetables (in Britain, not surprisingly potatoes, collagen formation);
D: liver and fish oil (*is toxic large does must be avoided, bone formation);
E (a-tocopherol): vegetable oil, eggs and wholemeal cereals (sex hormone, antioxidant);
K: green leafy vegetables and meat (coagulation factors; II, XII, IX and X)
Stress affects the CVS by increasing its sympathetic stimulation to 3 things, what are they?
SA node -causes increase in HR,
Myocardium- increases stroke volume because of stronger contractions,
Arterioles- constricts and increases resistance and therefore b.p
- The length of the air-blood barrier in alveoli
- 0.8 μm
the study reports a rate ration of 1.76 to compare the risk of cardiac death between the
penicillin V and clarithromycin groups. This implies that:
Clarithromycin is associated with an increased in the incidence of cardiac death of 76% compared to penicillin V.
3 roles of alveolar macrophages
Antigen presenting cell
Producing cytokines activate lymphocytes
phagocytose
