extra Qs neuro Flashcards
What artery supplies L temporal
Left Middle cerebral
What are the two types of stroke
Ischaemic and haemorrhagic
(ischemic stroke (caused by blood clots)
hemorrhagic stroke (caused by ruptured blood vessels that cause brain bleeding)
transient ischemic attack (TIA) (a “mini-stroke,” caused by a temporary blood clot))
Name C1 and C2 vertebrae
c1 - atlas
c2 - axis
In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the pre ganglionic neuron cell bodies located?
Lateral horn of the grey matter in the spinal cord
- What cells produce CSF?
Ependymal @ choroid plexus
What is the function of different GIAL CELLS
oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells.
oligodendrocytes - produce mealin shealth
astrocytes - regulate BBB, regulate chemical levels
ependymal cells - create CSF
Schwann cells - myelin + also phagocytotic
microglia - macrophages
satellite cells - regulate external environment,
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Produces melatonin
- what nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor Trochlear Ophthalmic Abducens Ophthalmic vein
what makes up the blood brain barrier?
Capillary endothelial cells
Astrocyte foot processes
Pia mater
- which two nerves supply taste sensation to the tongue?
Anterior 2/3 is facial (chorda tympani)
Posterior 1/3 is glossopharyngeal
where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?
Ascends up lissauers fasiculus and decussates a couple of levels up in the anterior white commissure
what are the two neurotransmitters in the pain pathway? And what type of pain are they released for?
C fibres- Substance P – Dull and aching
Delta fibres- glutamate- sharp pain- myelinated neurons
what is the role of periaqueductal grey in pain regulation?
It blocks the release of substance P or glutamate from delta and c fibres by releasing serotonin or noradrenaline which binds to receptors sites on the nociceptive neurons
which type of neuron innervates extrafusal muscle fibres? And what is the action of extrafusal muscle fibres?
Alpha, cause muscle contraction
Is the clasp – knife reflex a muscle spindle reflex or golgi tendon organ reflex?
Golgi tendon organ 1-beta fibres
what makes up the striatum?
Caudate and putamen
What is leniform nucelus
putamen and the globus pallidus
1.what is meant by the term dermatome? And what are the corresponding dermatomes for these structures?
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal root
a) Thumb
b) Nipple
c) Belly button
d) Big toe
- What is meant by the term dermatome? And what are the corresponding dermatomes for these structures?
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal root
a) Thumb c6
b) Nipple t4
c) Belly button t10
d) Big toe L5
- The dentate nuclei are the largest of the paired deep cerebellar nuclei. What role do they play? Where do efferent fibres from the nuclei go?
The dentate nucleus is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements.
Efferent fibres travel via the superior cerebellar peduncles through the red nucleus to the thalamus.
- what is the difference between a cardiac myocyte action potential and a normal action potential?
Plateau phase with calcium
Absolute refractory period is longer in cardiac
what is the function of the limbic system? And what is the papez circuit?
Memory, emotion
Hippocampus -> fornix -> mammillary bodies -> mammilo-thalamic tract anterior thalamic nucleus -> cingulate gyrus -> hippocampus
- white matter can be divided into commissural, projection and association fibres. Give an example of each:
commissural –
projection –
association –
commissural – corpus callosum
projection – internal capsule
association – superior longitudinal fasiculus
theres an embolism in the basilar artery. Which part of the cerebellum will not be receiving a blood?
Superior
how does the ear detect pitch?
The basilar membrane is narrower and stiffer at the base
Maximal vibrations for high pitch
if there is a lack of calcium in endolymph of the cochlea, how might this effect your hearing?
When stereocilia tip in direction of tallest one, potassium channels open. This would normally cause voltage gated calcium channels to open and glutamate to be released as a neurotransmitter. But wont be able to do that.
- Whats the function of the Eustachian tube?
Pressure changes
What does each section of the semi circular canals detect?
Horizontal = acceleration (spining on chair)
Superior and posterior = vertical head movements, (nodding head)
WHat are the different layers of the cochlea? What are they filled with?
What organ is responsible for hearing?
- the scala vestibuli (containing perilymph), which lies superior to the cochlear duct and abuts the oval window
- the scala tympani (containing perilymph), which lies inferior to the scala media and terminates at the round window
- the scala media (containing endolymph), or cochlear duct, a region of high potassium ion concentration that the stereocilia of the hair cells project into
- The Organ of Corti, the sensory epithelium, a cellular layer on the basilar membrane, in which sensory hair cells are powered by the potential difference between the perilymph and the endolymph
Which window comes first
Oval then round
they vibrate with opposite phase, this always fluid to move so sterocilia in organ of corti can move
-K+ flow out, Ca flows in = glutamate
