SAQ 2013 Flashcards
What are two constitutional (systemic) symptoms that the patient may complain of?
sweats fever, pain, swelling R iliac!
What is the principal cell involved in acute inflammation? (2m)
neutrophil
Two actions of bradykinin
What enzyme breaks it down?
Bradykinin = prostaglandins, nitric oxide
Its a vasodilator, causes contraction in the gut and bronchi
-ACE
Two roles of lymphatics in acute inflammation
Drain fluid exudate, carry antigens to lymph nodes
Duties of a doctor
- Protect and promote the health of patients and public
- Work within limitations and capabilities
- Treat patients as individuals and respect their dignity
- Provide a good standard of practice and care
- Work with colleagues in a way that best serves patient’s interests
3 reasons for staging
Determine prognosis
Guide treatment
Give information
What does PICO stand for?
Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome
What is the difference between experimental and observational studies?
Experimental - variables are controlled and assigned to groups eg RCT
In Observational studies - can be retrospective or prospective, the patients are not allocated variables but instead possible variables in their current life are grouped to detect trends.
What do you call the analysis of stats in a systematic review? (3m)
-What to consider when doing systematic review?
Meta analysis
Relevant studies
Identify all relevant studies
Access quality of the included studies
Consider all outcomes – individual, wider community, professionals
The type of data – continuous/discrete/etc
What is penetrance?
Proportional of people with a genotype who show the expected phenotype 100% = all population shoes phenotype
Name for phenomenon of son showing phenotype at younger age than his father
Increasing early onset with successive generation.
Anticipation
Equations for Mean arterial pressure
MAP = 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic MAR = CO X TPR
1) Two things released by endothelial cells for vascular tone
2) Four things released by tissue to increase blood flow
1) -endothelin-1, nitric oxide
2) NO, endothelin, bradykinin, prostacyclin, adenosine, K+ is vasodilator of arterioles
Which beta adrenergic receptor is involved in heart rhythm?
B1
Example of a neurotransmitter that is secreted by the preganglionic sympathetic system?
Acetylcholine
What is inotropic and chronotropic?
Inotropic - strength of contraction
Chronotropic - rate of contraction
Para to eye - which muscle
Dilator pupillae
Two COPD pathologies
Emphysema - destruction of alveoli
Bronchitis = constriction of bronchi
= Obstruction
decreased FEV1 : Vital capacity ratio
normal vital capacty
Three indentations in normal barium swallow
Aortic arch, L main bronchus, L atrium
Three layers of oesophagus - which plexi and where?
- mucosa,
- sub mucosa - Meissner’s
- muscularis externa - Auerbach’s (between inner circular and outer longitudinal),
What is the muscle that makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter? What innervates it?
Primary muscle is the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor.
Supplied by superior laryngeal nerve
(all other laryngeal muscles are by recurrent)
Symptoms of malabsorption
Diarrhea = fats, protein (
Smelly stools = fats
Brusing/slow clotting = Vit K
Swollen ankles = protein
Stages of fat digestion
Emulsification,
Hydrolysis
( micelles, chylomicrons )
a) Two features of intestinal epithelial surface that help increase absorption –
b) Two cells found on surface epithelium of duodenum
c) 3 endocrine secretions
a) Microvili, crypts
b) Simple columnar epithelial cells, Goblet cells, enterocytes
c) Somatostatin, insulin, glucogon, secretin
What are the pacemaker cells for the small intestine called?
Cajal cell’s in muscular proprias
Describe PPV and NPV?
Positive predictive value = the proportion of people with a positive result who have the disease
Negative predictive value = the proportion of people with a negative result who do not have the disease
Which enzyme converts alcohol to acetylaldehyde –
alcohol dehydogenase
high alcohol = high ketones
