2012 SAQ 2 Flashcards
Name the five stages of mitosis
(Interphase – DNA replication)
Prophase – Chromosomes condense and go to opposite poles of cell begin to form micotubules, nucelous disappears
Premetaphase – Spindle network forms, centromeres attach to tubules
Metaphase – chromosomes attach met at the equatorial plate
Anaphase – Spindles contract and chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase- Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms
(cytokinesis – cell divides)
DNA is made up of four nucleotides. Name them (full names) and the pairs that they form (4)
Thymine = Adenine (2H bonds) Cytosine= Guanine (3H)
What is a restriction enzyme? (2)
How many genes are there in the human genome? (2)
An enzyme that cuts DNA at a particular restriction site
20,000 – 25,000
Truly autonomous decision is:
- Decision is intentional
- Done with understanding
- No major controlling influences over the decision
- (made by someone with capacity)
What is virtue ethics?
Focus is on the kind of person who is acting, deemphasizes rules
(Based on righteousness of the person doing the act and than action themself)
Duites of a doctor
GMC “DUTIES OF A DOCTOR”
• Protect and promote the health of patients and the public
• Provide good standard of practice and care
• Recognise and work within the limits of your competence
• Work with colleagues in the ways that best serve patients’ interests
• Treat patients as individuals and respect their dignity
What is the pathophysiological definition of ‘heart failure’? (4)
When the Cardiac output is not great enough to supply the demands of the body - to perfuse tissues
How does left heart failure lead to pulmonary oedema? (6) “
“backward failure”
Left sided heart failure leads to an increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation blood vessels due to increased venous pressure. Therefore more fluid leaks into the pulmonary space because the hydrostatic pressure is much higher than the osmotic pressure. (and does not re enter because hydrostatic is much higher osmotic pressure) This fluid cannot be drained fast enough by the lymphatic system so it accumulates in the pulmonary tissue causing an odema.
Symptoms of L-sided heart failure
Symptoms of R-sided heart failure
- Pulmonary edema = cough, crackles, wheezes, 2.tachypnea,
- Fatigue
- Restlessness
- Tachycardia
- Cyanosis
- Fatigue
- Enlarged liver and spleen
- Dependent edema
- Distended jugular veins
- Anorexia and GI distress
- Weight gain
Hayflick limit -
The number of times a cell can undergo mitosis before apoptosis, 40-60
How do NSAIDs lead to the development of a gastric ulcer
Block cyclooxygenase-1 = which stimulates mucus production
CAGE
Have you ever felt Annoyed at someone for commenting on your drinking?
Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?
Have you ever needed a drink first thing in the morning to steady nerves or help with a hangover? (Eye-opener = withdrawal)
Model for change
Pre contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse
Daily alc limit?
14 units a day
1) Define thrombosis
2) Define embolism
3) Name three other substances - besides thrombus - that may embolise
1) – blood clot in blood vessel
2) – lodging of embolism causing a blockage
3) -gas bubble, foreign material, fat gobule, blood clot
- Define ischaemia
2. Define infarction
Ischaemia – loss of oxygen to tissue – reversible
Infarction – irreversible damage to tissue due to lack of oxygen = dead of tissue
● Dark urine - what is present?
● Pale stools - what is absent?
Urobilin
Stercobilin
Risk of older people for malutriention
- Descrease desire to eat due to reduced taste and smell sense
- Medication may cause nausea and vommiting = loss of food eaten and lower desire to eat
3) problems with chewing due to teeth
4) Low appetite
5) More susceptible to illness so body may not function as wel
6) absorption problems
Physical measurements for weight - obesity/malnutrition
MRI • Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry • Waist circumference • WHR (waist to hip ratio) • Skinfold thickness • BMI (Body Mass Index)
Give 2 complications of malnutrition (aside from depression and apathy) (2x2)
- Diarrhea = metabolic acidosis
- Low vitamin levels and clotting
- Low absorption of vital amino acids
- low immune system
Cardiomyocyte -ions
0 = rapid Na+ inflex 1= K+ outflux 2 = Ca influx and plateau, and k+ influx 3= K+ outflex 4 = 3 Na out + 2K in ???
