Extra Qs liver etc Flashcards
What is the mechanism of jaundice caused by malaria?
Increased haemolysis of red blood cells causes increased unconjugated bilirubin
What is the function of B12 and what substance causes it to be absorbed?
Bonus point for exact location of absorption
Growth and RBC formation/ maturation
ileum
What clotting factors are not produced by the liver?
4 (Calcium) and 8 (VWF)
Name 3 types of plasma protein produced by the liver
Albumin, Globulins, and fibrinogen
What process changes alanine (an amino acid) into pyruvate (a keto acid)?
Transamination
enzyme = Amino transferase
What is the process of oxidative deamination?
The amine group of an amino acid is removed and gives rise to ammonia and an alpha keto acid.
What is the enterohepatic circulation?
Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs, or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.
What is the post absorptive state?
Nutrients are no longer absorbed from the GI tract. Catabolism is greater than anabolism.
What enzyme catalyses phase 1 reactions in drug metabolism?
Cytochrome P450
What is the pathway for phase 2 reactions?
Glucoronidation (conjugation reaction), adds glucaronic acid to the drug to make it very hydrophilic
What is the route that bile takes from the liver to the duodenum?
Left/ right hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, (cystic duct joins) common bile duct, enter the 2nd part of the duodenum at ampulla of vater
What stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate and enzymes from the pancreas?
CCK and Secretin from the duodenum
CCK causes enzyme secretion and secretin causes bicarbonate and somatostatin release
(secretin is released from duodenum by S glands when stiulated by acidic chyme)
What happens if levels of ammonia are too high?
Ammonia is toxic
It can cross the blood brain barrier
Ammonia can get converted to glutamate by binding to alpha ketoglutarate
Alpha ketoglutartae decreases
Cant be used as much in the krebs cycle (so less oxaloacetate) so krebs stops
No krebs, cells die
What is the process of beta oxidation?
- Fatty combines with Co A to form Acyl Co A by the enzyme acyl Co A synthetase
- Carnitine shuttle – CAT I adds carnitine and transportsacross the mitochondrial membrane
- CAT II removes cartine and it is reshuttled back
- Acyl Co A goes through beta oxidation in the matrix
Produces acetyl co A each turn of the cycle
What stimulates the increase in production of bile from the hepatocytes?
Fat present in the duodenum causes the secretion of CCK
This causes contraction of the gall bladder so stored bile is released into the duodenum
This causes increased levels of bile salts being reabsorbed into the portal vein
Hepatocytes produce more bile with the increased bile salts
